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"Allow the President to invade a neighboring nation, whenever he shall deem it necessary to repel an invasion, and you allow him to do so, whenever he may choose to say he deems it necessary for such a purpose -- and you allow him to make war at pleasure. Study to see if you can fix any limit to his power in this respect, after you have given him so much … [power]. If, today, he should choose to say he thinks it necessary to invade Canada, to prevent the British from invading us, how could you stop him? You may say to him, 'I see no probability of the British invading us' but he will say to you, 'Be silent; I see it, if you don't.'" Congressman Abraham Lincoln during era of "Polk's War" (Lincoln: Speeches and Writings 1832-1858, The Library of America)
"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival." -- W. Edwards Deming, business consultant and author
“It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness. . . . One ever feels his two-ness – an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.”
“One fact and one alone explains the attitude of most recent writers toward Reconstruction; they cannot conceive of Negroes as men.”
W.E.B. DuBois
“I used to think that I should not care to read Uncle Tom’s Cabin in our camp; it would have seemed tame . . . .I needed no fiction when I had Fanny Wright. . .daily passing to and fro before my tent, with her shy little girl clinging to her skirts. Fanny was a modest little mulatto, a soldier’s wife, and a company laundress. She had escaped from the main-land in a boat, with that child and another. Her baby was shot dead in her arms, and she reached our lines with one child safe on earth and the other in heaven. I never found it needful to give any elementary instructions in courage to Fanny’s husband, you may be sure.”Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 1869
Chapter Review
Explain the significance of the Union victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
Briefly describe the significance of Lincoln’s reelection in 1864, and explain how that outcome was achieved.
Describe the function of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Describe and evaluate the various plans for
Reconstruction of the South in the post Civil War years. Was Lincoln our “greatest” US president? Did the North win the Civil War while the South won
Reconstruction?
Chapter Concepts
“The Glory of War” African American soldiers, Draft riots Gettysburg Address Gen. Sherman’s Field Order No. 15, January 1865 – abandoned land
for Blacks Confederate invasion of New Mexico + Kit Carson and Navajo “Long
March” [Blood and Thunder by Hampton Sides – 2006] Appomattox Courthouse John Wilkes Booth Radical Republicans 13th Amendment, 14th Amendment, 1868 – “equal protection of the
law” Andrew Johnson, impeachment [Tenure of Office Act] Reconstruction Act, Freedmen’s Bureau Black Codes, Ku Klux Klan
I. People at War: Spring 1863
Soldier life is harsh, with disease killing many Civilians on both sides begin to question reasons for war Lincoln’s critics become more vocal North begins to allow blacks to fight
Black Soldiers in the Union Army
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II. The Battlefields of Summer: 1863
Grant moves on Vicksburg Lee is defeated at Gettysburg and Vicksburg falls to Grant Immigrant battle losses contribute to draft riots in New York City Grant takes command of eastern theater Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address ties war to liberation of blacks
Vicksburg
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Virginia, 1863
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III. The Winter of Discontent: 1863 - 1864
Political foes oppose both Lincoln and Davis Prison camps earn terrible reputations Grant takes control of entire Union army Southerner Andrew Johnson becomes Lincoln’s running
mate in preparation for 1864 election Sherman’s March to Sea breaks will of South and
assures Lincoln’s re-election
Election of 1864
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IV. From War to Reconstruction: 1865 - 1867
Thirteenth Amendment is enacted War ends on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse,
and Lincoln is assassinated soon after War wreaks havoc with people, economy, and society Emancipation brings less than true freedom to blacks in
South
Major political goal of blacks in South becomes gaining vote
Johnson’s reconstruction plans upset many, as do implementation of “black codes”
Radicals in Congress override Johnson and pass Fourteenth Amendment
Reconstruction Act divides and occupies South Northerners head South to help blacks but maintain
discrimination in own region
Territory of War
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Grant Against Lee in Virginia
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The Failed Promise of Reconstruction
Sharecropping Modest Gains and Future Victories
Slaughterhouse cases [1873] Citizenship rights remain under state control
United States v. Cruikshank [1876] The Enforcement Act applied only to violations of
Black rights by states and not individuals
Congressional Reconstruction, 1865–1877 When Congress wrested control of Reconstruction policy from President Andrew Johnson, it divided the South into the five military districts depicted here. The commanding generals for each district held the authority both to hold elections and to decide who could vote.
Thaddeus Stevens One of the most outspoken Radical Republicans after the Civil War, Thaddeus Stevens served in the U.S. House of Representatives until his death in 1868. He chose to be buried in an African American cemetery.
Rep. Thaddeus Stevens 1792-1868 – helped secure Civil Rights Act of 1866, helped draft 14th Amendment, Military Reconstruction Act of
1867
Lincoln’s funeral procession --Pennsylvania Avenue – a special funeral train took 2 weeks to Springfield, Ill.
[June, 1968 – “Like a Bridge Over Troubled Water”]
Executions of Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Mary Surratt on July 7, 1865 – 8 were found guilt by a military tribunal,
some went to prison
Andrew Johnson 1808-1875 – pardoned 13,000 former Confederates, impeached but found not guilty by one vote
1872 – African Americans in Congress [l to r] Sen Hiram Revels, Miss; Rep Benjamin Turner, AL; Rep Robert DeLarge, SC; Josiah Walls, FLA;
Joseph Rainey, SC; Robert Brown Elliott, SC
Howard University law school, 1900 – Howard was established in Washington, D.C. in 1867 named after Oliver O. Howard, director of
the Freedman’s Bureau
Impeachment Com. of House [l to r] Benjamin Butler, James Wilson, Thaddeus Stevens, George Boutwell, Thomas Williams, John Logan,
John Bingham
1873 election of Georgia Democrat John Brown Gordon 1832-1904 to Senate was “Redemption” because he had been officer with Lee
Horace Greeley 1811-1872 – founded NY Tribune in 1841, ran against Grant in 1872 as a Liberal Republican and Democrat
Rutherford B. Hayes 1822-1893 – Ohio governor who became Republican president in contested election of 1876
Samuel J. Tilden 1814-1886 -- denied presidency when several southern Democrats in Congress failed to support him in return for an
end to Reconstruction
Mississippi: Freedman School, 1866
Noon at the primary school for Freedman at Vicksburg, Mississippi. (colored engraving, 1866).
Graves of rebel soldiers
This engraving shows Southerners decorating the graves of rebel soldiers at Hollywood Memorial Cemetery in Virginia, in 1867. Northerners and Southerners alike honored their war dead. But in the South, the practice of commemorating fallen soldiers became an important element in maintaining the myth of the Lost Cause that colored white Southerners’ view of the war. The Granger Collection, New York
Hampton Institute
Milk sampling at Hampton Institute. Hampton, which opened in Virginia in 1868, was one of the first of several schools established with the help of Northern philanthropic and missionary societies to allow freedmen to pursue a college education. Hampton stressed agricultural and vocational training. The military uniforms were typical for male students, black and white, at agricultural and mechanical schools. Courtesy of Hampton University Archives
First African Baptist Church in Richmond, 1874
The black church was the center of African American life in the postwar urban South. Most black churches formed after the Civil War, but some, such as the first African Baptist Church in Richmond, shown here in an 1874 engraving, traced their origins to before 1861. The Granger Collection, New York
Casting a ballot
Black voters in Richmond vote on a state constitutional conventions in 1867. A key objective of Congressional Reconstruction was to secure the voting rights of freedman. The Granger Collection, New York
Klan violence
The Klan directed violence at African Americans primarily for political activity. Here, a black man, John Campbell, vainly begs for mercy in Moore County, North Carolina, in August 1871. The Granger Collection, New York
The Union As it Was
As this Thomas Nast cartoon makes clear, the paramilitary violence against black Southerners in the early 1870s threatened, not only the voting rights of freedmen, but their dreams of education, prosperity, and family life as well. In this context, the slogan, “The Union As It Was” is highly ironic. Courtesy of Library of Congress
Massacre At New Orleans
In the New Orleans riot of 1866, thirty-seven African Americans and three white sympathizers were killed after a Radical Republican meeting. Southern whites, having lost the Civil War, had little interest in cooperating in a bi-racial Reconstruction.
"The Shackle Broken"
This lithograph from 1874 celebrates the various effects of freedom for the former slaves. In the middle panel is Hon. Robert B. Elliot of South Carolina who served as a member of the House of Representatives and is shown orating on the Civil Rights Bill in the House chamber in 1874.