Chapter 14(B) The Expanding Struggle for Equal Rights

Civil Rights to Black Power• By 1966, the term “Black

Power” had become a rallying cry for no more than 15 %

• Beginning w/ Watts, the major race riots of 1965 & 1966 occurred largely outside the South

• Malcolm X told blacks they should be proud of their race and started the term African American Malcolm X

Martin Luther King Jr.

• This lead MLK to decide to emphasize the need for economic uplift for the black urban poor.

• This is what MLK was working on when he was assassinated in 1968

Rebellious Youths: the New Left

• Tom Hayden and the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

• Mario Savio and the free-speech movement

• The Yippies & the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago

• The Upset Middle-Class

Rebellious Youths: the Counterculture

• They were direct descendants of the beats of the 1950s

• Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Tune in, Turn on, drop out.”

• Long hair, jeans, tie-dyed shirts, sandals, drugs, rock, Asian mysticism, communes

• The Hippie movement ultimately succumbed to commercialism

Feminism• 1963 Betty Friedan’s The

Feminine Mystique: explained the unhappiness of many middle-class women

• 1966 the National Organization for Women (NOW)

• 1972 Title IX• 1973 Roe v. Wade• 1982 Equal Rights

Amendment (ERA) fails

The Sexual Revolution

• The most important factor behind the sexual revolution of the 1960s was the development of birth-control pills

• Therefore, society became more tolerant of premarital sex and women became more sexually active.

Hispanic Rights & Cesar Chavez• The Bracero Program ends in

1964• Chavez had been a migrant

laborer• In 1962, Chavez starts to

United Farm Works• UFW used boycotts to pressure

grape growers• Chavez was committed to

nonviolent tactics• 1975 CA legislature passes bill

requiring growers to bargain collectively with farm workers

Native American Rights• Native Americans had the

highest percentage of poverty in America

• In 1963, The American Indian Movement began

• 200 Sioux occupied Wounded Knee in 1973

• Indian activists discovered that their most effective tactic for change was taking legal action to force the government to adhere to old treatiesInside Wounded Knee 1973

Gay Rights• In its earliest years, the gay

rights movement emphasized the importance of gays “coming out”

• By 1973 there were 800 gay organizations

• But the conservative moralists and Christian Fundamentalists fought back and by the end of the 1970s it had lost momentum

The Chicano Movement

• Hector Perez- worked for Mexican American Rights in Texas

• Dolores Huerta- worked w/ Chavez and went on to work for women’s rights and received the Medal of Freedom in 2012.

• These court case made gave equal rights to Mexican Americans

• Mendez v. Westminster ISD

• Delgado v. Bastrop ISD• Hernandez v. Texas• White v. Regester• Edgewood ISD v. Kirby