CHAPTER 14CHAPTER 14

THE WESTERN CROSSROADSTHE WESTERN CROSSROADS

What did Americans What did Americans desire in the western desire in the western

lands?lands?

Farm landFarm land

goldgold

ASSIMILATION OF THE ASSIMILATION OF THE NATIVES AMERICANSNATIVES AMERICANS

to bring into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group, nation, or the like; adapt or adjust: to assimilate the new immigrants. to bring into conformity with the customs, attitudes, etc., of a group, nation, or the like; adapt or adjust: to assimilate the new immigrants.

-lat·ed -lat·ed ; , ; , -lat·ing -lat·ing ; ; vt vt 1 : 1 :  to take in and utilize as nourishment  to take in and utilize as nourishment : :  absorb into the system  absorb into the system 2 : 2 :  to absorb into the cultural tradition of a population or group <THE< span>community  to absorb into the cultural tradition of a population or group <THE< span>community assimilated assimilated  many immigrants>  many immigrants> vi vi 1 : 1 :  to become absorbed or incorporated into the system <SOME< span>foods  to become absorbed or incorporated into the system <SOME< span>foods assimilate assimilate  more readily than others>  more readily than others> 2 : 2 :  to become culturally assimilated  to become culturally assimilated

2 2 as·sim·i·late definition as·sim·i·late definition

Pronunciation: /-lət, -ˌlāt/ Pronunciation: /-lət, -ˌlāt/ Function: Function: n n : :  something that is assimilated  something that is assimilated

Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2007 Merriam-Webster, Inc. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, © 2007 Merriam-Webster, Inc. Cite This Source Cite This Source

American HeritageAmerican Heritage assimilate assimilate  as·sim·i·late (ə-sĭm'ə-lāt')  as·sim·i·late (ə-sĭm'ə-lāt')

v. v. as·sim·i·lat·ed as·sim·i·lat·ed , , as·sim·i·lat·ing as·sim·i·lat·ing , , as·sim·i·lates as·sim·i·lates To consume and incorporate nutrients into the body after digestion. To consume and incorporate nutrients into the body after digestion. To transform food into living tissue by the process of anabolism. To transform food into living tissue by the process of anabolism. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical DictionaryThe American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary

Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. Cite This Source Cite This Source

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Government Assimilates Government Assimilates the Natives Americansthe Natives Americans

Placed on a reservationPlaced on a reservation

Controlled by the Bureau of Indian AffairsControlled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Forced to learn EnglishForced to learn English

Lost their native namesLost their native names

INDIAN COUNTRYINDIAN COUNTRY

Bureau of Indian Affairs – Government Bureau of Indian Affairs – Government agency responsible for managing the agency responsible for managing the Indian issuesIndian issues

INDIAN COUNTRYINDIAN COUNTRY

Government was dishonest to the Indians Government was dishonest to the Indians – failed to honor treaties– failed to honor treaties

INDIAN COUNTRYINDIAN COUNTRY

Government diverted supplies to the Government diverted supplies to the IndiansIndians

INDIAN COUNTRYINDIAN COUNTRY

Indians angered because of starvation –Indians angered because of starvation –turned to violence – attacking agencies, turned to violence – attacking agencies, farms and townsfarms and towns

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Confrontation at Confrontation at Sand CreekSand Creek

John Chivington – Army Colonel – John Chivington – Army Colonel – attacked Black Kettle’s camp in Colorado attacked Black Kettle’s camp in Colorado even though a white flag was raisedeven though a white flag was raised

200 women and children were 200 women and children were massacredmassacred

(known as the Sand Creek Massacre)(known as the Sand Creek Massacre)

Indians stepped up their attackIndians stepped up their attack

Colonel John Chivington

Battle of Sand Creek

Battle of Sand Creek

Fort Laramie TreatyFort Laramie Treaty The The Treaty of Fort LaramieTreaty of Fort Laramie (also called (also called

the the Sioux Treaty of 1868Sioux Treaty of 1868) was an ) was an agreement between the United States agreement between the United States and the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, and the Lakota nation, Yanktonai Sioux, Santee Sioux, and Arapaho signed in Santee Sioux, and Arapaho signed in 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming 1868 at Fort Laramie in the Wyoming Territoryguaranteeing to the Lakota Territoryguaranteeing to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.Wyoming, and Montana.

BATTLE OFBATTLE OF LITTLE BIG HORN LITTLE BIG HORN

Sitting Bull/Crazy Horse Sitting Bull/Crazy Horse

Last victory for the Sioux Last victory for the Sioux

General George Armstrong Custer – 600 General George Armstrong Custer – 600 members of his Calvary were massacredmembers of his Calvary were massacred

Death to Custer and his CalvaryDeath to Custer and his Calvary

Battle of the Little Big Horns - Montana

SITTING BULLSITTING BULL

Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse Monument

General George Armstrong Custer

THE GHOST DANCETHE GHOST DANCE

Wovoka – (Indian Ghost Dance)Wovoka – (Indian Ghost Dance)

Indians believed that the dance would Indians believed that the dance would bring back the buffalo headsbring back the buffalo heads

Some wore ghost shirts – special Some wore ghost shirts – special symbols that could stop bulletssymbols that could stop bullets

THE GHOST DANCETHE GHOST DANCE

Spread to the Standing Rock Indian Spread to the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota.Reservation in North Dakota.

Sitting Bull was arrested – eventually Sitting Bull was arrested – eventually killed with 14 other Indianskilled with 14 other Indians

Wovoka Ghost Dance

BATTLE AT BATTLE AT WOUNDED KNEEWOUNDED KNEE

Wounded Knee, SDWounded Knee, SD

Sioux were angered by Sitting Bulls death Sioux were angered by Sitting Bulls death and started their ghost dancesand started their ghost dances

Gov’t ordered the seizure of their rifles – Gov’t ordered the seizure of their rifles – searched their tepees – violence broke searched their tepees – violence broke out- 150 Indians killed and 30 soldiers out- 150 Indians killed and 30 soldiers killedkilled

Battle at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890

Death at Wounded Knee

END OF RESISTANCEEND OF RESISTANCE

Chief Joseph – Nez Perce leader – Chief Joseph – Nez Perce leader – attempted to escape to Canada – attempted to escape to Canada – captured 40 miles from the bordercaptured 40 miles from the border

Geronimo – Apache leader that fled the Geronimo – Apache leader that fled the reservation with 130 Indians and raided reservation with 130 Indians and raided settlements – his surrender marked the settlements – his surrender marked the end of the resistance in the southwestend of the resistance in the southwest

Chief Joseph – Chief of the Nez Perce

Geronimo - Apache Chief

ASSIMILATING THE ASSIMILATING THE AMERICAN INDIANSAMERICAN INDIANS

Dawes General Allotment Act – Indians Dawes General Allotment Act – Indians received 160 acres of reservation land for received 160 acres of reservation land for farmingfarming

Section 2Section 2

Western FarmersWestern Farmers

What were white What were white Americas looking for?Americas looking for?

Cheaper landCheaper land

Make a new startMake a new start

Gold Gold

Why did African Americans Why did African Americans leave the South ?leave the South ?

Escape persecution in the SouthEscape persecution in the South

What were Scandinavians What were Scandinavians looking for?looking for?

Had the “American fever”Had the “American fever”

Fresh startFresh start

Farm landFarm land

North of SalemNorth of Salem

What about the Irish in What about the Irish in this new land?this new land?

Moved to the plains after building the Moved to the plains after building the railroadsrailroads

Many became farmersMany became farmers

MONTROSE FIGHTIN’ IRISHMONTROSE FIGHTIN’ IRISH

Where did the Germans Where did the Germans move from?move from?

Moved to the plains from the Moved to the plains from the Mississippi Valley to the plains.Mississippi Valley to the plains.

FarmersFarmers

Salem areaSalem area

What made the Chinese What made the Chinese move to the west?move to the west?

Came during the gold rushCame during the gold rush

Describe the difficulties that farm Describe the difficulties that farm families faced on the Great Plains.families faced on the Great Plains.

Housing – poor (sod houses)Housing – poor (sod houses) Weather – blizzards in the winter and Weather – blizzards in the winter and

heat in the summerheat in the summer Insects – swarms of insects Insects – swarms of insects

(grasshoppers)(grasshoppers) Fires – on the prairie were commonFires – on the prairie were common Work – very hard and difficultWork – very hard and difficult

LAND ACTSLAND ACTS

Homestead Act – white settlers could Homestead Act – white settlers could receive 160 acres of land – they needed receive 160 acres of land – they needed to farm for 5 yearsto farm for 5 years

400,000 settlers took advantage of the 400,000 settlers took advantage of the actact

Homestead Act

PACIFIC RAILWAY ACTPACIFIC RAILWAY ACT

Land given to the railroad companies Land given to the railroad companies linking the east to the westlinking the east to the west

MORRILL ACTMORRILL ACT States received 17 million acres of States received 17 million acres of

federal land federal land

Constructed agriculture and engineering Constructed agriculture and engineering schoolsschools

70 state universities were founded70 state universities were founded

SDSUSDSU

Building of the Railroad

OKLAHOMA HOMESTEADSOKLAHOMA HOMESTEADS

11 millions acres given to non-Indian 11 millions acres given to non-Indian settlerssettlers

MOVING WESTMOVING WEST

Easterners – looking for a new lifeEasterners – looking for a new life

African-Americans – escape the African-Americans – escape the persecution persecution

Exoduster – movement of the Africa-Exoduster – movement of the Africa-Americans to the westAmericans to the west

SCARCE RESOURCESSCARCE RESOURCES

Lack of water – water sometimes 300 Lack of water – water sometimes 300 feet deep – used windmills to pump waterfeet deep – used windmills to pump water

Lack of treesLack of trees

Used dried buffalo manureUsed dried buffalo manure

Build sod housesBuild sod houses

SCARCE RESOURCESSCARCE RESOURCES

U.S. Department of Agriculture taught U.S. Department of Agriculture taught new methods of farming – dry farming new methods of farming – dry farming

BONANZA FARMINGBONANZA FARMING

Large-scale farming – used more than Large-scale farming – used more than 500 workers500 workers

A 30-horse-drawn combined harvester and thresher in use near Moro, Oregon, ca. 1903. As machines grew larger, they required more horsepower to operate them. A further technological advance enabled a single machine to combine two or more steps of the harvesting process. With machinery like this, farms of thousands of acres known as "bonanza farms," employing hundreds of workers, transformed commercial farming into an agricultural industry. One such farmer produced 600,000 bushels of wheat in 1881. Farmers like him were just as much capitalists as J. P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller, using other peoples' money to invest in land and machinery and mass-produce a needed product.

In the 1870's pioneers faced a fierce attack of grasshoppers. The insects covered every inch of ground and ate all the vegetation within their path. On a Sunday in May 1876, Father Boucher appealed to a higher source for relief from the grasshoppers for his parishioners.  The priest led his congregation on an all-day, eleven mile pilgrimage, placing three crosses in different locations. Though the grasshopper came again in later years, the area within the crosses was never touched.  This cross is adjacent to St. Peter's Catholic Church in Jefferson, South Dakota.  Another one of the crosses can be seen at the Morin farmstead 4 miles northwest of Jefferson on County Road 1B, and the third cross is on County Road 23 on the Dale Chicoine farm.

Grasshopper Cross, Jefferson, SD

Section 3Section 3

The Cattle BoomThe Cattle Boom

TEXAS LONGHORNSTEXAS LONGHORNS

A breed of cattle from TexasA breed of cattle from Texas

(crossbreed of English and (crossbreed of English and Spanish cattle)Spanish cattle)

CATTLE TOWNSCATTLE TOWNS

Were called railheadsWere called railheads

Towns along the railroad that shipped the Towns along the railroad that shipped the cattle to marketcattle to market

Kansas (Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita)Kansas (Abilene, Dodge City, Wichita)

RANCHINGRANCHING

Open Range – cattle Open Range – cattle ranchers using public ranchers using public land or grazing landland or grazing land

JOSEPH GLIDDENJOSEPH GLIDDEN

Inventor of the barbed wireInventor of the barbed wire

Ranchers refused to use because of injury to Ranchers refused to use because of injury to the cattlethe cattle

Wire was used to control land and waterWire was used to control land and water

Conflict erupted between ranchers and farmersConflict erupted between ranchers and farmers

MINING IN THE MINING IN THE BLACK HILLS BLACK HILLS

Gold was discovered in 1876Gold was discovered in 1876

In Lead City, Dakota TerritoryIn Lead City, Dakota Territory

ARTICLESARTICLES

Western Western Frontier Frontier

Copy of the Ft. Laramie Treaty

Ft. Laramie Treaty (broken promises)

Wild Bill HickokWild Bill Hickok

U.S. Marshall in Abilene KansasU.S. Marshall in Abilene Kansas Came to Black Hills prospecting for goldCame to Black Hills prospecting for gold Playing poker at the old Saloon #10Playing poker at the old Saloon #10 Killed by Jack McCallKilled by Jack McCall McCall wanted to have a reputation as aMcCall wanted to have a reputation as a

gun fightergun fighter ““deadmans hand” – 2 aces, 2 eights, deadmans hand” – 2 aces, 2 eights,

JackJack

Jack McCallJack McCall

Hanged in 1877 at age 24Hanged in 1877 at age 24

In Yankton, Dakota Territorial capitalIn Yankton, Dakota Territorial capital

Wild Bill Hickok

Saloon #10 in Deadwood, SD

Jack McCall

Deadman’s Hand

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