Chapter 14Chapter 14

The Expansive Realm of IslamThe Expansive Realm of Islam

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

Flash CardsFlash Cards hajjhajj Qur’an (Koran)Qur’an (Koran)

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

Flash CardsFlash Cards Ka’abaKa’aba hadithshadiths

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

Flash CardsFlash Cards Shi’aShi’a SunniSunni

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

Flash CardsFlash Cards hijrahhijrah UmayyadsUmayyads

Rise of IslamRise of Islam

Flash CardsFlash Cards AbbasidsAbbasids Dar al’IslamDar al’Islam

The HijraThe Hijra

Muhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CEMuhammad fled to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE Year 0 in Muslim calendarYear 0 in Muslim calendar

Communal society (umma) Communal society (umma)

Legal, spiritual codeLegal, spiritual code

Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of ummaumma

The QuranThe Quran

Revelations rec’d during visionsRevelations rec’d during visions

Written down c. 650 CE Written down c. 650 CE

Tradition of Muhammad’s life: Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadithhadith

The Ka’abaThe Ka’aba

The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam

No god but Allah No god but Allah Daily prayerDaily prayer Fasting during RamadanFasting during Ramadan CharityCharity Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

JihadJihad

““struggle”struggle” Against inner turmoilAgainst inner turmoil Against viceAgainst vice Against ignorance of IslamAgainst ignorance of Islam

Islamic Law: The Islamic Law: The ShariaSharia

Codification of Islamic lawCodification of Islamic law Based on Quran, Based on Quran, hadithhadith, logical schools of , logical schools of

analysisanalysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of

human activityhuman activity

The Expansion of IslamThe Expansion of Islam

Successful attacks on:Successful attacks on: ByzantiumByzantium Sassanid territoriesSassanid territories

Difficult to govern rapidly expanding territoryDifficult to govern rapidly expanding territory

The expansion of Islam, The expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.632-733 C.E.

Umayyad Dynasty Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)(661-750 CE)

From Meccan merchant classFrom Meccan merchant class Capital: Damascus, SyriaCapital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracyAssociated with Arab military aristocracy

Policy toward Conquered Policy toward Conquered PeoplesPeoples

Favoritism of Arab military rulers Favoritism of Arab military rulers

Limited social mobility for non-Arab MuslimsLimited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims

Head tax on non-MuslimsHead tax on non-Muslims

Umayyads live in luxuryUmayyads live in luxury

The Abbasid Dynasty The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)(750-1258 CE)

Abu al-Abbas Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab Sunni Arab Allied with Shia & non-Arab MuslimsAllied with Shia & non-Arab Muslims

Seizes control of Persia and MesopotamiaSeizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia

Defeats Umayyad army in 750Defeats Umayyad army in 750 Invited Umayyads, then massacred themInvited Umayyads, then massacred them

Abbasid Administration Abbasid Administration

Persian influencePersian influence

Court at BaghdadCourt at Baghdad

Influence of Islamic scholars Influence of Islamic scholars

Caliph Harun al-Rashid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE)(786-809 CE)

High point of Abbasid dynastyHigh point of Abbasid dynasty

Baghdad center of commerceBaghdad center of commerce

Great cultural activityGreat cultural activity

Abbasid DeclineAbbasid Decline

Civil war between sons of Harun al-RashidCivil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governers assert regional independenceProvincial governers assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movementsDissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobilityAbbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power

behind the thronebehind the throne

Economy of the Early Economy of the Early Islamic WorldIslamic World

Spread of food and industrial cropsSpread of food and industrial crops Trade routes from India to SpainTrade routes from India to Spain

Western diet adapts to wide varietyWestern diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted New crops adapted

Agricultural sciences developAgricultural sciences develop Cotton, paper industries developCotton, paper industries develop

Major cities emergeMajor cities emerge

Formation of a Hemispheric Formation of a Hemispheric Trading ZoneTrading Zone

Historical precedent of Arabic tradeHistorical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-IslamDar al-Islam encompasses silk routes encompasses silk routes

ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 thth centurycentury

Camel caravansCamel caravans Maritime tradeMaritime trade

Banking and TradeBanking and Trade

Scale of trade causes banks to developScale of trade causes banks to develop SakkSakk (“check”) (“check”)

Uniformity of Islamic law throughout Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-dar al-IslamIslam promotes trade promotes trade

Joint ventures commonJoint ventures common

Changing Status of WomenChanging Status of Women

Quran improves status of womenQuran improves status of women Outlawed female infanticideOutlawed female infanticide Brides, not husbands, claim dowriesBrides, not husbands, claim dowries

Yet male dominance preservedYet male dominance preserved Patrilineal descentPatrilineal descent Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbiddenPolygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practiceVeil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

Formation of an Islamic Formation of an Islamic Cultural TraditionCultural Tradition

Islamic valuesIslamic values Uniformity of Islamic law in Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islamdar al-Islam Establishment of Establishment of madrasasmadrasas Importance of the Importance of the HajjHajj

Sufi missionariesSufi missionaries Asceticism, mysticismAsceticism, mysticism Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologiansSome tension with orthodox Islamic theologians Wide popularityWide popularity

Cultural influences on IslamCultural influences on Islam

PersiaPersia Adminstration and governanceAdminstration and governance literatureliterature

IndiaIndia Mathematics, science, medicineMathematics, science, medicine

““Hindi” numbersHindi” numbers

GreeceGreece Philosophy, esp. AristotlePhilosophy, esp. Aristotle Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)