CHAPTER 14: CHAPTER 14: THE EXPANSION THE EXPANSION OF AMERICAN OF AMERICAN

INDUSTRYINDUSTRY

1. Everyday Life for individuals living during the late 1. Everyday Life for individuals living during the late 1800’s1800’s

-What inconveniences did these people face in -What inconveniences did these people face in comparison to our lifestyles today?comparison to our lifestyles today?

LIGHTING AT NIGHT WAS DONE BY CANDLE OR LIGHTING AT NIGHT WAS DONE BY CANDLE OR GAS LAMPS IF EITHER COULD BE AFFORDED.GAS LAMPS IF EITHER COULD BE AFFORDED.

THE SUN DICTATED ALL DAILY ACTIVITIESTHE SUN DICTATED ALL DAILY ACTIVITIES ICE BLOCKS USED FOR REFRIDGERATION HAD TO ICE BLOCKS USED FOR REFRIDGERATION HAD TO

BE CHOPPED FROM PONDS IN THE WINTER AND BE CHOPPED FROM PONDS IN THE WINTER AND PACKED IN SAWDUST AND THEN PLACED WITHIN PACKED IN SAWDUST AND THEN PLACED WITHIN ICE HUTS UNTIL SUMMER.ICE HUTS UNTIL SUMMER.

MOST AREAS STILL DID NOT HAVE RUNNING MOST AREAS STILL DID NOT HAVE RUNNING WATER OR EVEN A WELL RIGHT NEXT TO THEIR WATER OR EVEN A WELL RIGHT NEXT TO THEIR HOMES, WATER COMPANIES WERE OPERATING IN HOMES, WATER COMPANIES WERE OPERATING IN LARGER CITIES BUT NOT IN THE SMALLER CITIES LARGER CITIES BUT NOT IN THE SMALLER CITIES AND TOWNS YET. SOME INDIVIDUALS HAD WELLS AND TOWNS YET. SOME INDIVIDUALS HAD WELLS BUT MOST WOULD HAVE TO WALK EVERY BUT MOST WOULD HAVE TO WALK EVERY MORNING TO THE LOCAL STREAM TO COLLECT MORNING TO THE LOCAL STREAM TO COLLECT WATER.WATER.

Completion of the Transcontinental RailroadCompletion of the Transcontinental RailroadPROMONTORY SUMMIT, UTAHPROMONTORY SUMMIT, UTAH

MAY 10, 1869MAY 10, 1869

Transcontinenal RailroadTranscontinenal Railroad

In 1862, the U.S. In 1862, the U.S. Congress passed the Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which Pacific Railway Act, which would offer 10 square would offer 10 square miles of land on each side miles of land on each side of the track and U.S. of the track and U.S. Government bonds which Government bonds which would be worth $16,000 would be worth $16,000 per square mile of track per square mile of track laid to the companies that laid to the companies that laid down the laid down the Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

The path of the railroad The path of the railroad followed the beginning of followed the beginning of the Oregon Trail and then the Oregon Trail and then picked up at the Mormon picked up at the Mormon and California Trailsand California Trails

The Union Pacific The Union Pacific Railroad Company began Railroad Company began at Omaha and moved at Omaha and moved WestWest

The Central Pacific The Central Pacific Railroad Company began Railroad Company began at Sacramento and at Sacramento and moved Eastmoved East

1,776 miles long1,776 miles long

Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

The Transcontinental The Transcontinental Railroad heavily changed Railroad heavily changed the transport of goods the transport of goods and people from the and people from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Atlantic to the Pacific. Now perhaps a 2-3 Now perhaps a 2-3 months journey to the months journey to the West took a matter of West took a matter of days. The West would days. The West would become populated like become populated like never before.never before.

WESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKEWESTINGHOUSE AIR BRAKE18691869

Westinghouse Air BrakeWestinghouse Air Brake

In the 1860s, locomotives had manual brakes on their In the 1860s, locomotives had manual brakes on their tenders (fuel and water cars) and each freight car had tenders (fuel and water cars) and each freight car had a hand a hand brakebrake consisting of a mast-mounted hand- consisting of a mast-mounted hand-operated wheel that a “brakeman” turned to force iron operated wheel that a “brakeman” turned to force iron blocks (shoes) against the treads of the wheels. When blocks (shoes) against the treads of the wheels. When the engineer whistled for brakes to be applied, the engineer whistled for brakes to be applied, brakemen leapt from car to car of the moving train to brakemen leapt from car to car of the moving train to apply brakes until the train was halted. apply brakes until the train was halted.

In the 1880s, In the 1880s, Scribner’sScribner’s reported that each year 1,000 reported that each year 1,000 brakemen were killed and as many as 5,000 were brakemen were killed and as many as 5,000 were injured, mostly from falls. injured, mostly from falls.

WESTINGHOUSE BRAKEWESTINGHOUSE BRAKE Westinghouse system uses a Westinghouse system uses a reductionreduction in air in air

pressure in the train line to apply the brakes. pressure in the train line to apply the brakes. When a train's engineer applies the brake by When a train's engineer applies the brake by operating the locomotive brake valve, this operating the locomotive brake valve, this causes the train brake line air to be vented to causes the train brake line air to be vented to atmosphere, in turn triggering the triple valve on atmosphere, in turn triggering the triple valve on each car to feed air into its brake cylinder. each car to feed air into its brake cylinder.

Granville Woods Granville Woods and theand the Railway Telegraph Railway Telegraph -In 1887, he patented the -In 1887, he patented the

Railway Telegraph, which Railway Telegraph, which allowed communications allowed communications between train stations between train stations regarding moving trains. regarding moving trains. GranvilleGranville T. T. WoodsWoods' ' invention made it possible invention made it possible for trains to communicate for trains to communicate with the station and with with the station and with other trains so they knew other trains so they knew exactly where they were exactly where they were at all times. This cut at all times. This cut down on railway accidentsdown on railway accidents

Time ZonesTime Zones-Coordination of the use of train tracks and the arrival and departure time of trains required a standardized system of time, therefore the nation adopted a time zone system in 1883. This was done since localities all had previously set time based on the rising of the sun and many areas were not centralized upon one time.-Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific Time Zones created.

Other Facts of the Time PeriodOther Facts of the Time Period

i. By 1900, how many miles of railroad i. By 1900, how many miles of railroad existed in the U.S.?existed in the U.S.?

-190,000 MILES OF RAIL EXISTED-190,000 MILES OF RAIL EXISTED

j. How much cheaper did the movement of j. How much cheaper did the movement of goods become?goods become?

--FLOUR- 1865- $3.65FLOUR- 1865- $3.65 1895- $.681895- $.68

MORSE MORSE CODECODE

SAMUEL MORSE

1844

MORSE MORSE CODECODE

Competition of Telegraph CompaniesCompetition of Telegraph Companies What two telegraph companies began What two telegraph companies began

laying telegraph wire throughout the laying telegraph wire throughout the U.S.?U.S.?

-American Telegraph Company -American Telegraph Company and Western Union.and Western Union.

These companies merged in 1866 to These companies merged in 1866 to become American Telephone and become American Telephone and Telegraph. Telegraph.

In 1870, 100,000 miles of telegraph In 1870, 100,000 miles of telegraph wire existed.wire existed.

By 1900, Western Union and AT&T By 1900, Western Union and AT&T owned more tan 900,000 miles of owned more tan 900,000 miles of telegraph wire and 63 millions telegraph wire and 63 millions telegraphs were sent per yeartelegraphs were sent per year

Competition of Telegraph CompaniesCompetition of Telegraph Companies The Growth of businessThe Growth of business

Businesses would use the Telegraphs Businesses would use the Telegraphs to order from one another and accept to order from one another and accept orders from buyers, therefore allowing orders from buyers, therefore allowing them the opportunity to do more them the opportunity to do more business.business.

What overall effect did the What overall effect did the Telegraph have?Telegraph have? It would allow people to It would allow people to

communication with further communication with further areas and businesses to spread areas and businesses to spread their markets further (selling to their markets further (selling to more people)more people)

Phonograph by Edison LabsPhonograph by Edison LabsThe first sound recorderThe first sound recorder

The sound is recorded onto a The sound is recorded onto a cylinder, placing indentations on it cylinder, placing indentations on it that can be played back.that can be played back.

This would allow, for the first time, This would allow, for the first time, sound and music to be recorded- sound and music to be recorded- something that we take for something that we take for granted so much today.granted so much today.

Other inventions that followed and Other inventions that followed and did the same were the did the same were the Graphophone, gramophone, and, Graphophone, gramophone, and, more present day, the 8 Track, more present day, the 8 Track, Record Player, CD, and DVD.Record Player, CD, and DVD.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND THE FIRST TALKING THE FIRST TALKING TELEGRAPH (1876)TELEGRAPH (1876)

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND THE FIRST TALKING THE FIRST TALKING

TELEGRAPHTELEGRAPH

Alexander Graham Bell and the Alexander Graham Bell and the Talking TelegraphTalking Telegraph

4. Who invented the Talking Telegraph in 4. Who invented the Talking Telegraph in 1876? 1876? ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELLALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL

-What company did Bell set up in 1885? -What company did Bell set up in 1885? Bell telephone which later became Bell telephone which later became AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY (AT&T)TELEGRAPH COMPANY (AT&T)

-By 1900, -By 1900, 1.5 MILLION TELEPHONES1.5 MILLION TELEPHONES million telephones were in use.million telephones were in use.

Alexander Graham Bell and the Alexander Graham Bell and the Talking TelegraphTalking Telegraph

How would the telephone change the lives How would the telephone change the lives of Average people and change business?of Average people and change business? The telephone was a much more The telephone was a much more

accessible and easy to use communication accessible and easy to use communication tool that allowed people to keep in touch from tool that allowed people to keep in touch from a long distancea long distance

Businesses could reach their customer base Businesses could reach their customer base in the same way that the telegraph would, in the same way that the telegraph would, allowing them to have contact and commerce allowing them to have contact and commerce with a larger group of customers.with a larger group of customers.

THOMAS EDISON AND THE THOMAS EDISON AND THE FIRST LIGHT BULB (1879)FIRST LIGHT BULB (1879)

“I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work.”

Thomas Edison and the first Thomas Edison and the first Light Bulb (1879)Light Bulb (1879)

The light bulb is truly a burning filament set inside of a The light bulb is truly a burning filament set inside of a cylinder. This filament is heated and burned, which cylinder. This filament is heated and burned, which causes it to emit light.causes it to emit light.

The first filament used that caused Edison to feel The first filament used that caused Edison to feel success with his trials was bamboo filament, but success with his trials was bamboo filament, but today we commonly use Tungsten for the piece that today we commonly use Tungsten for the piece that burns.burns.

The world of business changed as no longer would The world of business changed as no longer would businesses have to set their hours by the sun. If they businesses have to set their hours by the sun. If they had light bulb light, they could run multiple shifts.had light bulb light, they could run multiple shifts.

The Original Kodak CameraThe Original Kodak Camera

The Original Kodak CameraThe Original Kodak Camera

George Eastman’s Kodak CameraGeorge Eastman’s Kodak Camera

The Eastman Kodak allowed any person The Eastman Kodak allowed any person to be a photographer, which previously to be a photographer, which previously only professionals could do.only professionals could do.

Previously, a picture would take at least Previously, a picture would take at least 60 seconds to be taken, and with the 60 seconds to be taken, and with the Kodak, it was almost instant.Kodak, it was almost instant.

This film was also soft film, so it would This film was also soft film, so it would soon be used in Kinetoscopes to be soon be used in Kinetoscopes to be projected as movies.projected as movies.

The Kodak sold 150,000 of these The Kodak sold 150,000 of these cameras in the first year, becoming the cameras in the first year, becoming the premier photograph company in America premier photograph company in America

GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE AND GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE AND ALTERNATING CURRENTALTERNATING CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT- ONLY CAN TRANSFER ENERGY FROM THE BATTERY AND IS ALWAYS AT A STEADY VOLTAGE

ALTERNATING CURRENT- CAN PRODUCE HIGHER VOLTAGE AND EXCESS ENERGY CAN BE REUSED

The Advantages of Alternating The Advantages of Alternating Current ElectricityCurrent Electricity

Nikolai Tesla and George Nikolai Tesla and George Westinghouse found the Westinghouse found the possibilities of harnessing this possibilities of harnessing this form of electricityform of electricity

Alternating Current Electricity Alternating Current Electricity comes to us in the form of wall comes to us in the form of wall outlets, which usually harness outlets, which usually harness 110 volts of electricity, and 110 volts of electricity, and Direct Current Batteries only Direct Current Batteries only usually carry 8-12 volts in usually carry 8-12 volts in most of our common versions most of our common versions today.today.

The Advantages of Alternating The Advantages of Alternating Current ElectricityCurrent Electricity

Direct Current power is inefficient Direct Current power is inefficient as it provides you with all of its as it provides you with all of its power, all of the time. In using power, all of the time. In using Alternating Current Electricity, you Alternating Current Electricity, you can use only what you need from can use only what you need from Wall outlets.Wall outlets.

The Main companies providing A/C The Main companies providing A/C Electric were Westinghouse Electric were Westinghouse Electric and General Electric.Electric and General Electric.

Businesses could grow rapidly as Businesses could grow rapidly as more machinery could do the work more machinery could do the work of human beings.of human beings.

The Electric StreetcarThe Electric Streetcar

The Electric StreetcarThe Electric Streetcar

The Growth of the SuburbsThe Growth of the Suburbs The Streetcar changed The Streetcar changed

America just as it changed America just as it changed Dallastown- it allowed the Dallastown- it allowed the suburbs to grow, towns like suburbs to grow, towns like Dallastown and Red Lion, as Dallastown and Red Lion, as people could work in the city people could work in the city but live out in the suburbs but live out in the suburbs and rural areas.and rural areas.

Today, some cities, like San Today, some cities, like San Francisco still have them, Francisco still have them, and NYC still uses Subways and NYC still uses Subways heavily.heavily.

The Streetcar was powered by this electric The Streetcar was powered by this electric rod that hooked onto an electric line above rod that hooked onto an electric line above

First and Second KinetoscopeFirst and Second Kinetoscope

The KinetoscopeThe KinetoscopeEdison Labs invention of the first Edison Labs invention of the first movie projectormovie projector

The inventors working for The inventors working for Edison labs created the Edison labs created the first motion picture first motion picture projector.projector.

It took the soft Kodak film, It took the soft Kodak film, set the pictures into a reel set the pictures into a reel of multiple pictures, and of multiple pictures, and projected it upon a screen projected it upon a screen to create the first movies.to create the first movies.

The KinetoscopeThe Kinetoscope

The first big American The first big American movies were the “Great movies were the “Great Train Robbery” and “A Trip Train Robbery” and “A Trip to the Moon” as movie to the Moon” as movie theaters, known as theaters, known as Nickelodeons, started Nickelodeons, started popping up everywhere in popping up everywhere in cities and towns cities and towns throughout America. Even throughout America. Even before 1910 came, Yorkers before 1910 came, Yorkers were enjoying movies.were enjoying movies.

Sholes’ first typewriterSholes’ first typewriter

Sholes’ first typewriterSholes’ first typewriter

Pennsylvanian Chris SholesPennsylvanian Chris Sholes

Sholes was originally a Sholes was originally a Pennsylvanian that later Pennsylvanian that later migrated to Minnesota. He migrated to Minnesota. He was an engineer that created was an engineer that created the typewriter in his personal the typewriter in his personal time.time.

The keyboard that he created The keyboard that he created was the QWERTY keyboard was the QWERTY keyboard that we use today and this that we use today and this invention allowed anyone to invention allowed anyone to create professional print work.create professional print work.

Karl Benz and the EngineKarl Benz and the Engine

Karl Benz and the EngineKarl Benz and the Engine The Internal Combustion Engine The Internal Combustion Engine

pushed gasoline into a spark pushed gasoline into a spark plug, causing a small explosion plug, causing a small explosion that provides the power to other that provides the power to other portions of the car.portions of the car.

With this engine, automobiles With this engine, automobiles are created, making trains and are created, making trains and streetcars inferior.streetcars inferior.

Fords, Oldsmobiles, Cadillacs, Fords, Oldsmobiles, Cadillacs, and Packards were the main and Packards were the main cars on the roads in America in cars on the roads in America in the early 1900’s.the early 1900’s.

HENRY BESSEMER HENRY BESSEMER AND THE BESSEMER AND THE BESSEMER

PROCESSPROCESS

Vital Info about the Bessemer ProcessVital Info about the Bessemer Process The The processprocess is carried on in a large steel container lined with is carried on in a large steel container lined with

clay called the called the Bessemer converterBessemer converter. The capacity of a . The capacity of a converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron. At the top of the converter was from 8 to 30 tons of molten iron. At the top of the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the converter is an opening, usually tilted to the side relative to the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the body of the vessel, through which the iron is introduced and the finished product removed. finished product removed.

The bottom is perforated with a number of channels through The bottom is perforated with a number of channels through which air is forced into the converter. The converter is pivoted which air is forced into the converter. The converter is pivoted so that it can be rotated, turned upright during conversion, and so that it can be rotated, turned upright during conversion, and then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end. then rotated again for pouring out the molten steel at the end.

The oxidation The oxidation processprocess removes impurities such as removes impurities such as silicon, , manganese, and , and carbon as oxides, these oxides either escape as oxides, these oxides either escape as gas or form a solid. as gas or form a solid.

The conversion The conversion processprocess (called the "blow") was completed in (called the "blow") was completed in around twenty minutes. around twenty minutes.

Before the Before the BessemerBessemer processprocess, steel was manufactured by , steel was manufactured by heating bars of heating bars of wrought iron together with together with charcoal for periods for periods of up to a week.of up to a week.

BROOKLYN BRIDGEBROOKLYN BRIDGE

JOHN ROEBLING

WASHINGTON ROEBLING

Vital Facts about the Brooklyn BridgeVital Facts about the Brooklyn Bridge THIS SUSPENSION BRIDGE HAD TO BE BUILD OVER 1595 THIS SUSPENSION BRIDGE HAD TO BE BUILD OVER 1595

FEET LONG (. 3 MILES) AND ALSO BE TALL ENOUGH TO FEET LONG (. 3 MILES) AND ALSO BE TALL ENOUGH TO ALLOW FOR FERRY TRAFFIC. THE HEIGHT OF THE ALLOW FOR FERRY TRAFFIC. THE HEIGHT OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE ROAD ABOVE SEA LEVEL WAS 135 BROOKLYN BRIDGE ROAD ABOVE SEA LEVEL WAS 135 FEET SO AS TO ALLOW FOR BOAT TRAFFIC. FEET SO AS TO ALLOW FOR BOAT TRAFFIC.

THE PROBLEM WAS HOW TO KEEP THIS BRIDGE THE PROBLEM WAS HOW TO KEEP THIS BRIDGE STURDY OVER SUCH A LONG DISTANCE, THE SOLUTION STURDY OVER SUCH A LONG DISTANCE, THE SOLUTION WAS STEEL CABLES CONNECTED TO TWO WAS STEEL CABLES CONNECTED TO TWO ANCHORAGES THAT EXTEND DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH ANCHORAGES THAT EXTEND DEEP WITHIN THE EARTH BELOW THE EAST RIVER, 78 FEET DEEP WITHIN THE BELOW THE EAST RIVER, 78 FEET DEEP WITHIN THE SAND OF THE RIVER.SAND OF THE RIVER.

LONGEST U.S. SUSPENSION BRIDGE UNTIL THE LONGEST U.S. SUSPENSION BRIDGE UNTIL THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE, A NEIGHBOR OF THE WILLIAMSBURG BRIDGE, A NEIGHBOR OF THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE, WAS BUILT IN 1903. THE LONGEST BROOKLYN BRIDGE, WAS BUILT IN 1903. THE LONGEST TODAY IN THE U.S. IS THE VERRAZANO NARROWS TODAY IN THE U.S. IS THE VERRAZANO NARROWS BRIDGE WHICH CONNECTS STATEN ISLAND AND BRIDGE WHICH CONNECTS STATEN ISLAND AND BROOKLYN AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1964.BROOKLYN AND WAS COMPLETED IN 1964.

In the Making of the Brooklyn Bridge, In the Making of the Brooklyn Bridge, an estimated 30-40 people died from an estimated 30-40 people died from

different causesdifferent causes Some feel while working Some feel while working

upon the steel cables that upon the steel cables that suspended the bridgesuspended the bridge

At least three individuals died At least three individuals died from Caisson disease, called from Caisson disease, called the bends, due to not the bends, due to not adjusting to the air at sea adjusting to the air at sea level after being deep belowlevel after being deep below

Other individuals were struck Other individuals were struck with work materials, such as with work materials, such as John Roebling, who became John Roebling, who became stuck between timbers once stuck between timbers once after a ship crashed nearby after a ship crashed nearby to where he was standing.to where he was standing.

REVIEW BREAKREVIEW BREAK