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7/28/2019 Chapter 14 OB POwer & Politics
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Power and Politics
Chapter FOURTEEN
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A Definition of Power Power
A capacity that A has to influencethe behavior of B so that B acts inaccordance with As wishes.
Dependency
Bs relationship to A when A possesses somethingthat B requires.
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A Definition of Power Power
A capacity that A has to influencethe behavior of B so that B acts inaccordance with As wishes.
Dependency
Bs relationship to A when A possesses somethingthat B requires.
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Contrasting Leadership andPower
Leadership Focuses on goal
achievement.
Requires goalcompatibility withfollowers.
Focuses influencedownward.
Research Focus Leadership styles
and relationships
Power Used as a means
for achieving goals.
Requires follower dependency.
Used to gain lateral
and upwardinfluence.
Research Focus Power tactics for
gaining
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Bases of Power: Formal Power
Coercive Power A power base dependent on fear.
Reward Power Compliance achieved based onthe ability to distribute rewardsthat others view as valuable.
Formal Power Is established by an individuals position in anorganization; conveys the ability to coerce orreward, from formal authority, or from control of
information.
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Bases of Power: Formal Power (contd)
Legitimate Power The power a person receives as a resultof his or her position in the formalhierarchy of an organization.
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Bases of Power: PersonalPower
Expert Power Influence based on specialskills or knowledge.
Referent Power Influence based on possessionby an individual of desirableresources or personal traits.
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Dependency: The Key ToPower
The General Dependency Postulate
The greater Bs dependency on A, the greater thepower A has over B.
Possession/control of scarce organizational resourcesthat others need makes a manager powerful.
Access to optional resources (e.g., multiple suppliers)reduces the resource holders power.
What Creates Dependency
Importance of the resource to the organization
Scarcity of the resource
Nonsubstitutability of the resource
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Power TacticsInfluence Tactics :
Legitimacy
Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals Consultation
Exchange
Personal appeals
Ingratiation
Pressure
Coalitions
Power TacticsWays in whichindividuals translatepower bases into
specific actions.
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Preferred Power Tactics byInfluence Direction
E X H I B I T 14 2
Upward Influence Downward Influence Lateral Influence
Rational persuasion Rational persuasion Rational persuasion
Inspirational appeals Consultation
Pressure IngratiationConsultation Exchange
Ingratiation Legitimacy
Exchange Personal appeals
Legitimacy Coalitions
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Factors Influencing the Choice andEffectiveness of Power Tactics
Sequencing of tactics Softer to harder tactics
work best.
Skillful use of a tactic Relative power of the
tactic user Some tactics work
better when applieddownward or upward.
The type of requestattaching to the tactic Is the re uest
How the request isperceived Is the request
consistent with thetargets values?
The culture of theorganization Culture affects users
choice of tactic.
Country-specificcultural factors Local values favor
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Power in Groups: Coalitions
Seek to maximize their size to attain influence.
Seek a broad and diverseconstituency for supportof their objectives.
Occur more frequently inorganizations with hightask and resourceinterdependencies.
Occur more frequently if tasks are standardizedand routine.
CoalitionsClusters of individualswho temporarily cometogether to achieve aspecific purpose.
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Sexual Harassment: UnequalPower in the Workplace
Sexual Harassment Unwelcome advances, requests for sexual
favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature.
The U.S. Supreme Court test for
determining if sexual harassment hasoccurred:
Whether comments or behavior
in a work environmentwould reasonabl be
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Steps for Managers to Take toPrevent Sexual Harassment
Make sure a policy against it is inplace.
Ensure that employees will notencounter retaliation if they file acomplaint.
Investigate every complaint andinclude the human resource and legaldepartments.
Make sure offenders are disci lined
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Politics: Power in ActionPolitical Behavior
Activities that are not required as part of onesformal role in the organization, but that influence, orattempt to influence, the distribution of advantages
or disadvantages within the organization.
Legitimate Political Behavior Normal everyday politics.
Illegitimate Political Behavior Extreme political behavior that violates the impliedrules of the game.
l h f h
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Politics Is in the Eye of theBeholder
E X H I B I T 13 3
Political Label Effective Management Label 1. Blaming others vs. Fixing responsibility
2. Kissing up vs. Developing working relationships
3. Apple polishing vs. Demonstrating loyalty
4. Passing the buck vs. Delegating authority
5. Covering your rear vs. Documenting decisions
6. Creating conflict vs. Encouraging change and innovation
7. Forming coalitions vs. Facilitating teamwork
8. Whistle blowing vs. Improving efficiency
9. Scheming vs. Planning ahead
10. Overachieving vs. Competent and capable
11. Ambitious vs. Career-minded
12. Opportunistic vs. Astute
13. Cunning vs. Practical-minded
14. Arrogant vs. Confident
15. Perfectionist vs. Attentive to detail
h
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Factors ThatInfluence
PoliticalBehaviors
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mp oyeeResponses toOrganizational
Politics
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DefensiveBehaviorsAvoiding Action :
Overconforming
Buck passing
Playing dumb
Stretching
Stalling
Avoiding Blame :
Buffing
Playing safe
Justifying
Scapegoating
MisrepresentingAvoiding Change :
Prevention
Self-protection
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Impression Management (IM)
IM Techniques :
Conformity
Excuses
Apologies
Self-Promotion
Flattery
Favors Association
Impression ManagementThe process by whichindividuals attempt tocontrol the impression
others form of them.
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Is A Political Action Ethical?
E X H I B I T 14 8
1. What is the utility of engaging in thebehavior?
2. Does the utilitybalance out any harmdone by the action?
3. Does the action
conform to standardsof equity and justice?
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Write down two differencesbetween power and
leadership. Discuss with aclassmate.
Chapter Check-Up: Pow er & Pol i t ics
Do all leaders have power? Doeseveryone with power lead others?
Discuss.
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When you go to work,what three things can youdo to make people in your
organization dependenton you?
Chapter Check -Up: Pow er & Pol i t ics
Discuss your answers with your neighbor. Do you think its bad to
plan how youll get power over
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Chapter Check -Up: Pow er & Pol i t ics
What is the differencebetween a power tacticand an influence tactic?Discuss with a neighbor.