www.cengage.com/cj/siegel

Larry J. SiegelBrandon C. Welsh

David R. Montague, Lisa Hutchinson & Sharniece R. HughesUniversity of Arkansas at Little Rock

Chapter 14Juvenile Corrections: Probation,

Community Treatment, and Institutionalization

Chapter Goals

Distinguish between community and institutional treatment

Be familiar with probation Be aware of new approaches in probation Understand key historical development in secure juvenile

corrections Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions Understand key issues facing the institutionalized

juvenile offender Be able to identify various correctional treatment

approaches Understand right of juveniles to treatment Know nature of aftercare

PowerPoint Analysis

Assignment (4-7 slides)

How effective are the following prevention strategies in successfully rehabilitating the juvenile delinquent? What treatment strategies might be used with these prevention strategies?

Electronic monitoring Juvenile intensive probation supervision Boot camps Juvenile institutions

Create a PowerPoint presentation explaining the pros and cons of each strategy, and its overall statistical success.

Community Treatment

Efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need

Various forms of such treatment include: Probation Treatment services Restitution Foster homes Small group homes Boarding schools Counseling Vocational training

Institutional Treatment

Correctional centers operated by federal, state and/or county governments

Restrict movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls

Various types of such treatment include: Reception centers Specialized facilities Training schools Ranch/forestry camps Boot camps

Probation

Nonpunitive, legal disposition of juveniles emphasizing community treatment with close supervision

Primary form of community treatment used in the juvenile system

Characterized by: Established set of rules Treatment in the community Close supervision to ensure adherence to rule and

accountability

Field Trip

Last one of the course: We are off to juvi detention.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztsINEYR5Gc

Historical Development of Community Treatment

Historically rooted in juvenile justice system Expanded in 1960s in response to

deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders Contemporary probation is characterized by:

Considered the backbone of community treatment for juveniles

Most popular juvenile disposition for juvenile court judges Direct judicial order that allows youth to remain in

community under court supervision Conditions of probation vary, but typically involve basic

rules such as… attending school, participating in counseling, staying out of trouble, remaining in the jurisdiction, etc.

Often ordered for indefinite period of time

Duties of Juvenile Probation Officers

Typically involved at four stages of juvenile process: Intake

Screen complaints and make case decisions Predisposition

Participate in release or detention decisions Adjudication

Assist the court in reaching a dispositional decision Prepare pre dispositional reports containing pertinent,

comprehensive information regarding the juvenile Post disposition

Provide juvenile with supervision and treatment in the community Monitor conditions of probation Report progress of juvenile to court

Probation Innovations

Intensive supervision Treating juveniles normally sent to secure confinement in

community as part of small specialized caseload Goals are decarceration, control, and maintaining

community ties and reintegration

Electronic monitoring House arrest coupled with electronic monitoring is

common Effectiveness is debatable Seems to be effective only with certain populations

Probation Innovations

Restorative justice Nonpunitive strategy that attempts to address issues that

produce conflict between parties Characterized by seven core values Key is restoration rather than retributions

Balanced probation Integrates community protection, accountability,

competency, and individualized attention to juvenile

Restitution Can take on several forms: monetary, victim service,

community service

Probation Innovations

Residential community treatment Residential programs are non secure facilities where

juveniles are closely monitored Group home are non secure residences that provide

counseling, education, job training, and family living Foster care program involve placement of juvenile with

families Family group homes are a combination of foster care

and group homes Rural program provide recreational activities or work for

juveniles

Secure Corrections

History of juvenile institutions Early institutions housed juveniles and adults Reform schools emerged, then the cottage system Creation of first juvenile court changed juvenile

institutions Civilian Conservation Corps began to emerge U.S. Children’s Bureau sought to reform juvenile

institutions Focus on least restrictive alternative Removal of status offenders from secure confinement Conditions of confinement worsened due to

overcrowding and overuse

Juvenile Institutions Today

Most delinquent juveniles housed in public facilities Most status offenders housed in private facilities Custody rates vary widely among states Physical conditions of institutions also vary widely

among the states Typical resident in juvenile facility is:

17 years of age European American Male Incarcerated for average stay of 3 ½ months Minority youth more likely to receive

incarceration

Juvenile Inmates

Males make up most of institutionalized youth Number of females increasing in recent years Most institutions employ some form of treatment

program Purpose of juvenile correctional system is

rehabilitation of juvenile offender Individual treatment

Psychotherapy, reality therapy, and behavior modification

Group treatment Guide group interaction Positive peer culture

Educational, Vocation, and Recreational Programs

Educational programs Often best staffed areas, but still inadequate

Vocational programs Range from auto repair to computer training Common drawback is sex-typing

Wilderness programs Involve outdoor expeditions that provide

opportunities to confront difficulties and achieve personal satisfaction

Juvenile boot camps Combine get tough approaches with education,

substance abuse treatment, and social skills training

Legal Right to Treatment

Concept introduced to mental health field in 1960

Applied to juveniles in 1972 US Supreme Court has:

Established minimum standards for juvenile in training schools

Prohibited the use of corporal punishment in juvenile institutions

Limited right of juvenile to treatment

Juvenile Aftercare and Reentry

Aftercare is transitional assistance to juvenile to help them adjust to community life

Reentry is the process of returning to society upon release form a secure custody facility

Services provided to juveniles: Supervision by parole officers or caseworkers Additional services needed for successful transition

Intensive Aftercare Program Balanced, highly structured, comprehensive

continuum of intervention for serious and violent juvenile offenders returning to community

Future of Juvenile Corrections

New forms of probation supervision Debate regarding community versus institutional

treatment Debate regarding effectiveness of correctional

treatment versus delinquency prevention Focus on deinstitutionalization of juvenile offenders Disproportionate minority incarceration an issue Aftercare and reentry services have become a critical

part of successful transition to community Future of legal rights remains uncertain

Conclusion

Distinguish between community and institutional treatment

Be familiar with probation Be aware of new approaches in probation Understand key historical development in secure

juvenile corrections Be familiar with recent trends in juvenile institutions Understand key issues facing the institutionalized

juvenile offender Be able to identify various correctional treatment

approaches Understand right of juveniles to treatment Know nature of aftercare

Key Terms

Community Treatment Suppression Effect Probation Juvenile Probation Officer Social Investigation Report Conditions of Probation Intensive Probation

Supervision House Arrest Electronic Monitoring Balanced Probation Monetary Restitution

Victim Service Restitution Community Service

Restitution Residential Programs Group Homes Foster Care Programs Family Group Homes Rural Programs Reform Schools Cottage System Least Restrictive

Alternative Individual Counseling Psychotherapy

Key Terms, Continued

Reality Therapy Behavior Modification Group Therapy Guided Group

Interaction Positive Peer Culture Milieu Therapy Wilderness Probation Boot Camps Meta-Analysis Right to Treatment Aftercare

Reentry Intensive Aftercare

Program

The End

Chapter 14Juvenile Corrections: Probation,

Community Treatment, and Institutionalization