Chapter 14 APUSH Mrs. Price I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crises. The great point is to bring them the real facts. - Abraham Lincoln Secession! South Carolina: December 20, 1860 South Carolina: December 20, 1860 President Buchanan: SC cant leave but govt has no authority to stop them President Buchanan: SC cant leave but govt has no authority to stop them 6 more leave from December to April: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX 6 more leave from December to April: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX Feb 1861: Confederate States of America formed Feb 1861: Confederate States of America formed Crittenden Compromise: last ditch effort to keep states in union Crittenden Compromise: last ditch effort to keep states in union Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave union Pres. Lincoln: Union is older than Constitution, no state can leave union Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, 1861) Fort Sumter seized (April 12-13, 1861) 4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC) 4 more leave (VA, AR, TN, NC) Fort Sumter, SC Anderson (N) vs. Beauregard (S) Anderson (N) vs. Beauregard (S) Only casualty: a horse Only casualty: a horse Strengths & Weaknesses of the Union vs. the Confederacy Union: More People Union: Better Transportation System 66% of railroad track miles 66% of railroad track miles Lines more integrated Lines more integrated Union: More Industrial Capacity Other Union Advantages More farms More farms - 67% Better navy Better navy More wealth produced More wealth produced - 75% Union Disadvantages Fighting on unfamiliar land Fighting on unfamiliar land Long lines of communication Long lines of communication Hostile local populations Hostile local populations Public opinion divided Public opinion divided Confederate Advantages Strong local support Strong local support Familiar with territory Familiar with territory Strong trade relationship with England & France Strong trade relationship with England & France Good generals Good generals Trained soldiers Trained soldiers Confederate Disadvantages Few people Few people - 39% Little industry Little industry - 19% of factories - had to rely on imports Poor Transportation System Poor Transportation System Wartime Politics: The Union Lincoln enlarged power of president Lincoln enlarged power of president Suppressed opposition Suppressed opposition - Military arrests of civilians - Suspended right of habeas corpus Wartime Politics: The Confederacy Jefferson Davis was a weaker leader Jefferson Davis was a weaker leader Too focused on details Too focused on details Financing the War Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowing Union: taxes (including income), issued paper currency, borrowing Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money from states Confederacy: issued paper currency = high inflation, income tax, money from states Inflation in the South Soldiers: The Union Over 2 million Over 2 million At 1 st volunteers At 1 st volunteers 1863: conscription law (46,000 drafted) 1863: conscription law (46,000 drafted) Exemptions caused oppositions & riots Exemptions caused oppositions & riots NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) Soldiers: The Confederacy 900, ,000 1 st volunteers 1 st volunteers April 1862: Conscription Act many exemptions April 1862: Conscription Act many exemptions Also used slave labor Also used slave labor Faced manpower shortage in 1864 Faced manpower shortage in 1864 Women & the Civil War Filled positions vacated by men Filled positions vacated by men Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Commission) Critical in nursing (US Sanitary Commission) Challenged gender stereotypes in North & especially in South Challenged gender stereotypes in North & especially in South African Americans in the Civil War Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of war Enlisted in Union Army; 10% by end of war Paid less Paid less Most assigned menial tasks Most assigned menial tasks Some black fighting units (54 th Massachusetts Infantry) Some black fighting units (54 th Massachusetts Infantry) South refused to recognize black Union soldiers captured they were sent back to slavery or executed South refused to recognize black Union soldiers captured they were sent back to slavery or executed Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN April 12, 1864 April 12, 1864 After Union troops surrendered, Confederates killed over 200 black Union soldiers and some whites After Union troops surrendered, Confederates killed over 200 black Union soldiers and some whites Slavery & the War Divided Republican Party Divided Republican Party - Radicals: Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use Summer, Benjamin Wade; wanted to use war to abolish slavery immediately war to abolish slavery immediately - Conservatives: favored a slower, more gradual process of emancipation gradual process of emancipation Slavery & the War 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered free 1861 Confiscation Act: declared all slaves used in support of the military effort would be considered free 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territories 1862: Slavery is abolished in DC & western territories Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863 Sept 1862: Lincoln announces his intention to issue Emancipation Proclamation in Jan 1863 Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1, 1863 Jan 1, 1863 Declares forever free slaves in areas in rebellion Declares forever free slaves in areas in rebellion Didnt apply to border states Didnt apply to border states Now war was being fought over slavery, not just to preserve the union Now war was being fought over slavery, not just to preserve the union Prevented England from aiding Confederacy Prevented England from aiding Confederacy New Technologies Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun) Repeating weapons (rifle, machine gun) Minie ball: new bullet Minie ball: new bullet Changed how soldiers fought (trench warfare) Changed how soldiers fought (trench warfare) Ironclad ships end to wooden navies Ironclad ships end to wooden navies Strategy: The Union The Anaconda Plan The Anaconda Plan 3 Parts: 3 Parts: 1. Blockade Southern ports 2. Capture the Mississippi to split Confederacy in two 3. Capture Confederate capital (Richmond, VA) Strategy: The Confederacy Mostly defensive Mostly defensive Invade the Union if possible Invade the Union if possible Try to get the Border states to secede Try to get the Border states to secede Lincolns Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett Stonewall Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee Major Battles of the Civil War 1 st Battle of Bull Run/Manassas July 21, 1861 July 21, 1861 McDowell(N) vs. Beauregard/Johnston(S) McDowell(N) vs. Beauregard/Johnston(S) Union retreat Union retreat Had psychological & political impact Had psychological & political impact Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas) July, 1861 Wilsons Creek August 10, 1861 August 10, 1861 Secessionist forces in MO vs. Union Secessionist forces in MO vs. Union Union loss but seriously weakened confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the state Union loss but seriously weakened confederate cause in MO and allowed the Union to hold onto the state Shiloh April 6 - 7, 1862 in TN April 6 - 7, 1862 in TN Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) Grant (N) vs. Johnston (S) Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; 2,885 captured Union: 1,754 killed; 8,408 wounded; 2,885 captured Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012 wounded; 959 missing Confederates: 1,723 killed; 8,012 wounded; 959 missing Union Victory Union Victory New Orleans April 26, 1862 April 26, 1862 Union captures city Union captures city David Farragut David Farragut Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in west Closed mouth of Mississippi River to Confederate trade = now South could not support its troops in west City was largest & a banking center City was largest & a banking center 2 nd Battle of Bull Run August 29, 1862 August 29, 1862 Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) Pope (N) vs. Lee & Jackson (S) Confederate win Confederate win Antietam September 17, 1862 September 17, 1862 McClellan (N) vs. Lee (S) McClellan (N) vs. Lee (S) Copy of Lees orders found by Union Copy of Lees orders found by Union Single bloodiest day of the war Single bloodiest day of the war Chancellorsville May 1-5, 1863 May 1-5, 1863 Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) Hooker (N) vs. Lee/Jackson (S) Union retreat Union retreat Stonewall Jackson killed Stonewall Jackson killed Siege of Vicksburg May 22 July 4, 1863 May 22 July 4, 1863 Surrendered to Grant (N) Surrendered to Grant (N) Key region for control of Mississippi River Key region for control of Mississippi River Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 July 1-3, 1863 Began when a Confederate Infantry Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigades Began when a Confederate Infantry Brigade marching eastward in search of shoes clashed with 2 Union cavalry brigades Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) Meade (N) vs. Lee (S) Union win Union win Heavy casualties Heavy casualties Stopped Confederate invasion of North Stopped Confederate invasion of North The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties Shermans March to the Sea Sept 1864: captured and burned Atlanta Sept 1864: captured and burned Atlanta Marched through GA to Savannah Marched through GA to Savannah 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path destroyed everything 60,000 men cut a 60 mile wide path destroyed everything Turned North and went through SC & NC Turned North and went through SC & NC Shermans March to the Sea Election of 1864 Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Party Republicans & War Democrats = formed Union Party Union: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson Union: Lincoln & Andrew Johnson Democrat: George McClellan Democrat: George McClellan Union victories turned tide of election Union victories turned tide of election Union Troops Capture Richmond Appomattox Court House: April 9, 1865 Atrocities of the War: POW Camps Most notorious: Andersonville in GA Most notorious: Andersonville in GA Planned to hold 10,000 men Planned to hold 10,000 men Had over 32,000 at one time Had over 32,000 at one time Out of 45,000 that passed through almost 13,000 died Out of 45,000 that passed through almost 13,000 died Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz was only person convicted of war crimes; sentenced to death after war Commander of prison Captain Henry Wirz was only person convicted of war crimes; sentenced to death after war Union POW camps were no better Union POW camps were no better Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA Union Survivors Casualties on Both Sides Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars The Civil War in Missouri Time line of Major MO Events May 10, 1861: St. Louis Massacre May 11, 1861: Creation of Missouri State Guard (pro-Confederate) June 17, 1861: Battle of Boonville July 30, 1861: Governor Jackson removed and Hamilton Gamble put in power August 10, 1861: Battle of Wilsons Creek October 25, 1861: 1 st Battle of Springfield November 7, 1861: Battle of Belmont Feb 28 April 8, 1862: Battle of New Madrid Jan 8, 1863: 2 nd Battle of Springfield April 26, 1863: Battle of Cape Girardeau Sept 27, 1864: Battle of Pilot Knob Oct 23, 1864: Battle of Westport Quantrills Raiders Interesting MO Civil War Facts In 1860 there were 114,930 slaves in MO (9.75 %) Missouri sent more men to war per capita than any other state. Total number of MO soldiers: 199,111. About 27,000 Missourians were killed during the war (military & civilian) Missouri had two state governments for a short period of time one pro-Union & one pro-Confederate. Confederate States of America Congress admitted MO to membership in Nov During the war Jefferson Barracks had one of the largest Union hospitals in the US with over 3,000 beds MO had so many battles & skirmishes that it ranks as the 3 rd most fought over state in the nation. MO abolished slavery in 1865 before the 13 th amendment was ratified.