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Chapter 14. The Renaissance and Reformation. 14.1 The Renaissance in Italy. The Italian City-States The Renaissance began in Italy, then spread north. Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 14
The Renaissance and Reformation
14.1 The Renaissance in ItalyThe Italian City-States The Renaissance
began in Italy, then spread north.
Sparked by a new interest in the culture of ancient Rome.
The wealthy Medici family from Florence & others funded many gifted poets, artists, architects, scholars & scientists.
The Renaissance? Was a time of
“renewed” creativity and political, social, economic change
An “awakening” in the 1400s after the dark ages.
A spirit of adventure Columbus, Copernicus
Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on worldly rather than religious issues. Believed that education
stimulated creative powers
Return to the “humanities” – history, poetry, rhetoric
Golden Age of the Arts Wealthy patrons
including Popes & princes heavily supported.
Much religious & humanist art
Artists learned the rules of perspective & shading & portrayed the human body more accurately. Use of geometric
shapes R. Architects rejected
Gothic style and adopted columns, arches, & domes.
The Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
Leonardo (da Vinci) Mona Lisa, Last Supper Also a scientist
(airplane) Michelangelo
Sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet
Pieta (Mary cradles Jesus), statue of David, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral
Raphael The School of Athens, &
Madonna paintingsLeonardo self-portrait
Leonardo, the Artist
� The Virgin of the Rocks
� Leonardo daVinci
� 1483-1486
Leonardo, the Artist:From his Notebooks of over 5000
pages (1508-1519)
Mona Lisa – da Vinci, 1503-4
Mona Lisa OR da Vinci??
The Last Supper - da Vinci, 1498& Geometry
� Detail of Jesus
� The Last Supper
� Leonardo da Vinci
� 1498
Deterioration
Leonardo, the Architect:Pages from his Notebook
� Plan of the city of Imola, 1502.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Biology):Pages from his notebook
� An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.
Leonardo, the Scientist (Anatomy):
Pages from his Notebook
Leonardo, the Inventor:
Pages from his Notebook
2. Michelangelo Buonorrati
� 1475 – 1564
� He represented the body in three dimensions of sculpture.
� David� Michelangel
oBuonarotti
� 1504� Marble
� The Pieta
� MichelangeloBuonarroti
� 1499
� marble
The Popes as Patrons of the Arts
The Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo Buonarroti
1508 - 1512
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Creation
of the Heavens
The Sistine Chapel Details
Creation of Man
The Sistine Chapel Details
The Last Judgment
3. Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)
Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518
Perspective!
Betrothal
of the Virgin
Raphael1504
The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Raphael
Da Vinci
Michelangelo
Italian R. Writers Castiglione – The
Book of the Courtier
Machiavelli – The PrinceBelieved that
getting results was more important that keeping promises (deceit in politics)
14.1 Review1. What conditions in Italy contributed to
the emergence of the Renaissance?2. What is the meaning of “Renaissance?”3. In which century did the Renaissance
begin?4. What is humanism?5. What were major changes in art (style)
during this time?6. Name the three most famous
Renaissance artists.7. What were the two most famous writers?8. What is the meaning of being
Machiavellian?
14.2 The Renaissance Moves North
Artists of the Northern Renaissance
Germany – Albrecht Durer
Flemish – van Eyck, Rubens, & Bruegel
Peter Paul Rubens
Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500
The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting
Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more
medieval in style].
Burghley House for William Cecil
The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.
Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563
Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441)More courtly
and aristocratic work.Court painter to
the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.
The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.
Van Eyck: The Crucifixion
&
The Last Judgment 1420-1425
Humanists Dutch – Erasmus
Priest who called for the Bible to be translated into the vernacular instead of Latin.
English – Thomas MoreWrote Utopia,
describing an ideal society of peace & harmony
Writers French – Rabelais English – William
ShakespeareWrote comedies &
tragediesEnriched the
English language w/ 1,700 words
Spanish – CervantesWrote Don Quixote William Shakespeare
The Printing Revolution
In 1456, Johann Gutenberg from Germany used the 1st printing press 1st complete ed. of
the BibleUsed ideas from
China & Korea Brought immense
changes People now learned
to readLearned a broad
range of knowledge
Review 14.21. Name 2 northern Renaissance
artists.2. Why was Erasmus important?3. Who was the most famous
Renaissance writer?4. Who was the Spanish writer & what
was his most famous book?5. What was the significance of the
printing press?6. Who was the first to use it & for
what?
14.3 The Protestant Reformation
Abuses in the Church By R. times, the
church was very wealthy & powerful.
Popes had a lavish lifestyle & financed the arts.
To pay for this, some promoted the sale of indulgences. (less time in purgatory)Once given for good
deeds…
Luther’s Protest In 1517, protests
against Church abuses erupted.
Led by a German monk & professor, Martin Luther
In his hometown of Wittenberg, the priest was selling indulgences…
Luther was outraged and nailed his 95 theses to the door of the church.
Copies were distributed across Europe & the pope called on Luther to recant his views.
Luther refused & was excommunicated.
The Holy Roman Emperor did not support him & made him an outlaw.
Some princes & thousands of others supported him and renounced the authority of the pope.
Beliefs? The Bible is the word of
God, not the pope. Salvation through faith,
not works Priests are regular
people & could marry. Only 2/7 sacraments
were in the Bible
Why did Lutheranism spread? It was the answer to years of Church corruption.
Many peasants followed him and revolts erupted across Germany.
The Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, allowing the new religion to exist.
N. Germany mostly went Lutheran (Protestant) & the S. remained Catholic.
Peace of Augsburg, Germany
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
ReformationEurope
(Late 16c)
ProtestantChurches
inFrance
(Late 16c)
Calvinism John Calvin followed
Luther in France & Switzerland except he also believed in predestination (all sinners or saints)
Calvinists believed in strict morality, no dancing, no laughing in church
Spread through western Europe & faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans
Other more radical churches formed later, like Anabaptists
Calvin’s World in the 16c
14.3 Review1. What was the “final” reason that Luther
rebelled against the Catholic church?2. What was the overall reason?3. What action did he take and what was
the result?4. What were the main beliefs that
Protestants differed from Catholics?5. What was the first protestant church
called?6. Where in Europe did the protestant
religion spread?7. What was the 2nd main protestant church
that split from the Church?
14.4 Reformation Ideas Spread
The English Reformation King Henry VIII was the first
to become Protestant in England. for political reasons, he wanted
a divorce… Married Ann Boleyn, who bore
him Elizabeth, but married 4 more times & finally had Edward
Started the Church of England (Anglican)
After Henry died, so did his teenage son, so his ½ sister, Mary Tudor was in line for the throne.
Queen Mary was Catholic & had hundreds of Protestants burned at the stake.
When she died, her sister Elizabeth became queen & restored the Anglican Church.
Queen Elizabeth I had a long reign & restored unity to England.Now a Protestant
country
The Catholic Reformation Many Catholics also
knew they had to reform themselves.
The Council of Trent (1545) tried to end abuses.
To deal w/ the Protestant threat, the Inquisition continued (torture of Protestants & Jews) Also the time of witch
hunts Jews were persecuted by
all Moved into ghettos w/
yellow badges Expelled from many
countries & many settled in Poland & the Ottoman empire
14.4 Review
1. Who was responsible for making England a Protestant country?
2. Why did he convert from Catholicism?3. Who was his heir & why did she cause so
many problems?4. Why was Queen Elizabeth I significant?5. How did the Catholic Church try to reform
itself?6. What happened to Jews during the
Reformation period?
14.5 The Scientific RevolutionChanging Views of the
Universe In 1543, Nicolaus
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model.
Brahe supported this w/ an astronomical observatory, but that they moved in an oval shape.
Galileo confirmed this by assembling a telescope. Caused an uproar b/c it
contradicted the church.
A New Scientific Method
The new approach to science was a step-by-step process starting from a hypothesis.
Englishman Francis Bacon & Frenchman Rene DiscartesSought to fit the
new science w/ the church’s teachings
Sir Isaac Newton Tried to explain
why the planets moved as they didLaw of Gravity
All motion in the universe can be measured mathematically.
Developed a new branch - calculus
Other Scientific Advances
Chemistry replaced medieval alchemists
Robert Boyle distinguished compounds
Medicine Emphasis on Anatomy Ambroise Pare invented
stitches. William Harvey
described the circulation of blood.
Van Leeuwenhoek perfected the microscope.
14.5 Review1. Who was considered to be the 1st
significant scientist of the Renaissance?2. What is the sun-centered theory called?3. Which scientist caused an uproar in
society and why?4. Which 2 scientists tried to resolve this
problem?5. Who is associated with the law of
Gravity?6. What new area of math did he also start?7. Who was the main Renaissance chemist?