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Chapter 14
Group 14 Elements
Occurrence, extraction and uses
Physical Properties
Elements
Hydrides, halides, carbides, hydroxides, oxoacids
Silicones
Sulfides
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Relative abundances of the group 14 elements in the Earth’s crust. • Data are on a logarithmic scan
and units of abundance are ppm.
Occurrence
Extraction
Uses
http://www.abrasivediamond.com/
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Uses of natural graphite in the US in 2009.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activated_Carbon.jpg http://www.koenigsegg.com/models/ccxr/
The declining use of leaded fuels in motor vehicles.
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Physical properties of the group 14 elements, M, and their ions.
Physical properties of the group 14 elements, M, and their ions.
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Experimental covalent bond enthalpy terms (kJ mol1)
C-C bonds are strong
mes =
Si-Si double bond Si-Si triple bond
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-graphite proposed structure of CFn for n = 1
Allotropes
element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner
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Structure of the fullerene C60; the approximately spherical molecule is composed of fused 5- and 6-membered rings of carbon atoms.
Structure of C70
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Halogenation reactions of C60
C60Br24 C60F18 C60Cl30
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+
structure of C62(C6H4-4-Me)2
K3C60 and Rb3C60
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Methane hydrates
tetraidecahedral dodecahedral
share a pentagonal face
Boiling points of the straight-chain silanes, SinH2n2, and hydrocarbons CnH2n2.
Synthesis:
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Representative reactions of SiH3Cl
Zintl ions
Sn NaSn1.0-1.7 [Na(crypt-222)]2[Sn5]Na in liquid NH3 2,2,2-crypt in
1,2-ethanediamine
Example preparation
[Sn9]4-[Ge9]3-
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[(Ge9)2]6
arachno-[Sn8]6 Rb4Li2Sn8
[Sn12]12
Wade’s Rules
[(Ge9)3]6-
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[Pt@Pb12]2 [Pd2@Ge18]4
Stabilization of large cage Zintl phases with an interstitial atom.
Selected physical properties of the carbon and silicon tetrahalides.
Propose a method to dry halogenated solvents (e.g. CCl4)
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CFCs
trans-[SiCl2(MeIm)4]2
[SiF6]2 [SiF5]
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[SnCl2F] [Sn2F5]
Halides of tin
[Pb3I10]4 [Pb5I16]6
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Selected properties of CO and CO2
Selected low-temperature baths involving dry ice.†
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Transition temperatures between polymorphs of SiO2
Ionic radii of selected ions involved in silicates
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Silicates
[Si8O20]8 [Si12O30]12
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Part of one of the double chains of general formula [Si4O11]n6n present in the mineral tremolite
H-ZSM-5 zeolite is typical of a zeolite in possessing cavities which can accommodate guest molecules.
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Two views (a) from the side and (b) from above of a part of one layer of the SnO and red PbO lattices. Colour code: Sn, Pb, brown; O, red.
Part of the network structure of Pb3O4 (i.e. 2PbO•PbO2) showing the interconnected chains of octahedral {Pb(IV)O6}-units and trigonal pyramidal {Pb(II)O3}-units. Colour code: Pb, brown; O, red.
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Selected properties of ES2 (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn).