Chapter 13

The Rise of Totalitarianism

Section 1: Postwar Social Change• Main Idea:

– In the last chapter, we learned about how World War I brought death and destruction ot Europe. In this section, we will learn about the influence of the war on the intellectual life of the west

Vocabulary

– Flapper– Prohibition– Speakeasies– Harlem Renaissance– Psychoanalysis– Abstract– Dada– Surrealism

Changes in Society after the War

• Affordable cars, improved telephones, and new forms of media such as motion pictures and radio brought people together

The Roaring 20’s

• Also known as “The Jazz Age” because black Americans created the musical form known as Jazz

• Included artists Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington

New Roles for Women:

• In 1920 the 19th Amendment was ratified, giving women the right to vote

• Result: Women also began to be elected to state and local offices– Nellie Ross became the 1st woman Governor

in Wyoming– Miriam Ferguson was also elected Governor

of Texas

• Most women continued to vote consistent with their husbands

• During the War, women had held the same jobs as men

• Many women were in the workforce, however most women worked in the lowest paying jobs: teachers, nurses, and housekeepers

• Women also began attending college in greater numbers (most were from wealthy families)

New Family Roles• Rules for women’s behavior started to change

as they began working and voting

• Women were still primarily responsible for the child rearing and home responsibilities

• Men were still the primary earners in the family

• “The Flapper”:Young women who challenged the traditional ideas of dress and behavior– Cut their hair, wore short dresses & make-

up, smoked, went dancing all night– Suggested a lifestyle of independence &

freedom

• Most American women continued to disapprove of the Flappers

Prohibition

• Throughout history, many groups had tried to outlaw alcohol

• There were many reasons provided to outlaw alcohol:– It led to instability in families, during WW I the

grain was needed for the war effort, stereotypes that immigrants abused alcohol

The Eighteenth Amendment

• By 1917 more than half of the states had passed laws restricting alcohol use

• In that year Congress passed a law making it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell alcohol

• In 1919 Congress ratified the Vostead Act to enforce the amendment

Prohibition in Action• Prohibition was successful in decreasing the

amount of alcohol consumed by Americans• Was virtually impossible to enforce• Drinking alcohol was not illegal• Prohibition led to huge smuggling operations• In Detroit MI, producing alcohol was the 2nd

largest industry next to car making• Bootleggers: nickname given to liquor

smugglers (smuggled it inside their boots)• Some made their own liquor• Others drank alcohol intended for medicinal or

other products• Eventually, doctors were permitted to prescribe

alcohol for medical reasons

• The Illegal liquor business was the foundation of the great criminal empires like Al Capone

• Earned tens of million dollars per year• Frightened and paid off law enforcement• Some Agents worked to enforce prohibition

– shut down speakeasies– Destroyed captured liquor– Destroyed the equipment of gangsters

The Rise of Fundamentalism

• Because of the significant changes in culture, many Americans turned to Religion

• Billy Sunday rose to prominence as a revivalist preacher– Targeted white rural Americans– Condemned radicals– Criticized the changing role of women

• Aimee Semple McPherson– Also a fundamentalist preacher– Became famous for healing the sick through prayer

The Scopes Trial

• Religion began to have conflicts with scientific theories

• Evolution became controversial because it holds that inherited characteristics of a population change over time and as a result of these changes, new species evolve

• Also suggested that humans may have evolved from apes

• What is the conflict with religion?

• Fundamentalists worked hard to prevent evolution from being taught in schools.

• Were do you think they were most successful in winning that battle?

• In 1925 Tennessee made it illegal to teach evolution

• John Scopes, a teacher in TN agreed to teach evolution and was arrested.

• Trial took place in Dayton TN, but the entire country followed the events of the trial

• Clarence Darrow: represented Scopes• William Jennings Bryan: Prosecutor, and

fundamentalist• (Read the account of the trial out loud on pg. 299

column 1 of the text)• Scopes was convicted and fined $100• Attorney William Bryan died 5 days later in his sleep• Conviction was overturned due to a technical

violation of law• Law remained in effect until the 1960’s

The New Literature• F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote The Great Gatsby,

Bernice Bobs her Hair, and Tales of the Jazz Age

• Earnest Hemingway wrote about his experiences in WW I in A Farewell to Arms

• The Lost Generation was a group of American writers who chose to relocate to Europe after WW I

• George Gershwin wrote music including Rhapsody in Blue

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jK_ShoOL2ao

Literature of the Inner Mind

• British Novelist Virginia Woolf used “stream of consciousness to explore the thoughts of people going through ordinary actions of their everyday life.

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

• Around 1910, black Americans began migrating to Harlem, a nieghborhood in New York City–Why was life difficult for blacks in the south?

• Segregation, limited job opportunities, fear of violence

Why did they choose to go north?

• During WW I, Northern Factories had more jobs than they could fill.

• Employers looked to the south for employees

• African American papers spread word of the opportunities for jobs

• The Great Migration: major relocation of African-Americans to northern towns.

Life in HarlemLife in Harlem

• By 1920’s 200,000 African Americans lived in Harlem

• It became the unofficial capital of African-American Culture and activism

A Renaissance in HarlemA Renaissance in Harlem

• Harlem exuded a strong sense of racial pride and identity

• Before this time, there was very little African American literature

• In 1924 the National Urban League sponsored a dinner for publishers, editors, and black authors

• Harlem renaissance believed in defiance & resistance in the face of discrimination

Harlem ArtistsHarlem Artists

• Black artists begin to win fame and recognition

• Most artists focus on African American experiences in their work

• Until this time, black actors, musicians, and performers had not been given leading roles.

Jazz

• Blended different musical styles from the south

• Much of jazz was improvised (made up on the spot.)

• Famous jazz musicians included Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Fats Waller, and Bessie Smith

• Jazz was important because it helped bridge the gap across races

New Scientific Theories

• Marie Curie and Radioactivity– Polish born, French scientist found that atoms

of certain elements such as radium and uranium released charged particles

– This proved that atoms were not solid and indivisible

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity

• In 1905 and 1916 Einstein introduced theories of relativity

• Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin, a mold that kills bacteria

• Is used in medicines today to kill bacteria

Freud Probes the mind

• Suggested that the subconscious mind struggles between what it wants to do and that the societal norms says it must do

• This results in constant tension and anxiety which can lead to physical and mental disorders

New Directions in Painting

Henri Matisse introduced fauvre style of painting with bold strokes, wild colors, and distortions

• French Artist Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso introduce Cubism, a style of painting using complex patterns of angles

• Vasily Kandinsky and Paul Klee created abstract artwork composed only of lines, colors, and shapes with no recognizable subject

• Dadaism believed there was no sense or truth in the world. Was intended to shock and disturb viewers

• Surrealism attempted to portray the workings of the inner mind

New Styles of Architecture

• Architecture begins to blend science with technology

• Buildings begin to feature glass, steel, and concrete but have little decoration

• Frank Lloyd Wright is a famous architect of the time

Review Questions for Section #1

Section #2:Vocabulary • Maginot Line

• Kellogg-Briand Pact

• Disarmament

• General Strike

• Overproduction

• Finance

• Federal reserve

• Great Depression

• Franklin D. Roosevelt

• New Deal

Section #2: Western Democracies Struggle

• Main Idea: In the last section, we learned about the cultural affects of World War I. In this section, we will learn how the war affected the political life and economies of Britain, France, and The United States. We will also learn how the Great Depression began, and how it affected these nations.

Party Struggles in Britain• During the 1920’s the Labour Party began to grow

in strength

• It supported a gradual move toward socialism

• Middle Class was represented by the Liberal Party. Out of fear of the Labour Party, the Liberal party merged with the Conservative Party (upper class)

• Once Liberals joined with conservatives they were more powerful than the Labour party

• In 1926 a massive strike of 3 million workers led to legislation limiting power of workers to strike

Irish Independence at Last• In 1914, England began legislation to grant

Ireland its independence, but it was disregarded when World War I started

• In 1919 the law was again denied, members of the Irish Republican Army began a guerrilla war against England

• In 1922, Britain and Ireland reached an agreement. Most of Ireland became a self-governing free state, Protestant Counties remained under England’s control

France’s Troubled Peace

• After World War 1, several parties competed for power in France

The Red Scare and Isolationism in the United States

• The U.S. emerged from World War I in good shape– Had few casualties, and little loss of property

• Did have fear of Bolsheviks and radicals leading to the “Red Scare”– Led to people being rounded up if they were

suspected radicals and expelled from the U.S.– Also resulted in limiting immigration from

Europe

Arguing Allies• Britain, France, and the United States were

having difficult foreign relations

• France– Main concern was protection from Germany, so

they build a massive fortress called the Maginot Line

– Wanted to keep Germany’s economy weak and demanded full reparations

– Also built alliances with Russia

• Britain– Wanted to relax Treaty of Versaille– Was afraid France was becoming too

powerful

The Search for Peace• In 1925 Seven countries signed a peace

treaty in Switzerland settling border disputes in Europe

• In 1928 The Kellogg-Briand Pact was sponsored by the United States

• All the great powers pledged to renounce war and pursue disarmament and limit their militaries

• League of Nations encouraged cooperation and tried to get countries to cease aggression

The League’s Weakness

• League of Nations had no way to enforce th e Kellogg-Briand Pact

Postwar Economics• Britain faced debt after WWI , high levels

of unemployment, frequent worker strikes

• 1926 there was a general strike, a strike by workers of different industries at the same time, lasted 9 days

• French economy recovered rapidly

The United States Booms• U.S. emerges as the world’s leading economic

power after WW I• By the late 1920’s an economic crisis was growing

in the U.S.• Falling demand for factory goods and farmed goods• Farmers and unskilled workers suffered• As people earned less, they bought less, leading to

an overproduction of goods• As demand for goods slowed, people lost jobs

Crash and Collapse

• A crisis in finance (the management of money, loans, and investments) was emerging

• Because the stock market had been so successful, people were buying stock on credit

• The Federal Reserve System tried to slow the use of credit by raising interest rates.

• What is the Federal Reserve System?

• What was the effect of raising interest rates?

• In October 1929, the stock market crashed when people sold massive amounts of stock at the same time

• The Great Depression began.

• What was the Great Depression?

The Depression Spreads

• American banks stopped making loans to European nations and wanted repayment of the loans they had previously made

• U.S. instituted high tariffs on imported goods

• European nations responded with the same

Britain and France Search for Solutions

• Great Britain sets up some unemployment, but 1 in 4 workers remained out of work

• In response to the depression, workers in France began to back Socialist leader Leon Blum– Blum tried to pass laws to solve problems but

was unsuccessful

Roosevelt Offers the New Deal

• President Herbert Hoover did not believe in direct aid to people suffering from the depression

• In 1932, Franklin Roosevelt was elected President. – He introduced the “New Deal” a system of

economic and social reforms– New laws regulated the market, and protected

bank deposits, created jobs, gave aid to farmers, and created social security pensions

• The Dust Bowl results from an extreme drought, carried away farming land, destroyed crops, and caused damage to homes and equipment

• Many farmers left and headed West to California

Loss of Faith in Democracy

• As the depression wore on, many people lost faith in the ability of democracy to solve modern problems

Section 3 Vocabulary• Benito Mussolini

• Black Shirts

• March on Rome

• Totalitarian State

• Fascism

Section #3 Facism in Italy

• Main Idea: In the last section, we learned about the impact of world events on Western Democracies. In this section, we will learn that they reacted in different ways to the events

Mussolini’s Rise to Power• When Italy joined the Allies in WWI they

were promised land from Austrio-Hungary’s territory

• After the Allies won, Italy was given some of the land it was promised, but not all of the land.

• Italians were furious that they were double-crossed

• Inspired by the Socialist revolution in Russia, workers in Italy revolted as well

A Leader Emerges

• Benito Mussolini was the son of a socialist Blacksmith and a teacher

• Was a socialist as a teen, but became a nationalist during WWI

• In 1919 he organized the Fascist party

• Name was taken from fasces, a bundle of sticks wrapped around an axe

• In ancient Rome, the fasces symbolized power and authority

• This symbol is also seen elsewhere

• This same symbol used to be on our dime as well!

• Mussolini was a charismatic speaker

• Promised to end corruption and restore order

• Wanted to restore Roman greatness to the country of Italy

Mussolini Gains Control• Mussolini organized his supporters into

combat squads

• Squads wore black shirts to represent earlier revolutions

• Favored violence instead of the democratic process to bring about change

• They broke up rallies, destroyed property, threatened officials, and forced them out of power

• Most Italians supported the Black Shirts

• In 1922 Fascist announced their bid for power

• Tens of Thousands of Fascists stormed the capital in the “March of Rome”

• Fearing civil war, King Victor Emmanuel III asks Mussolini to create a government

Mussolini’s Rule

• Mussolini slowly increased his power

• By 1925, assumed the title El Duce “the leader”

• He supressed the press, rigged elections, and replaced elected officials with Fascist supporters

• Critics were thrown into prison, exiled, or murdered

State Control of the Economy

• Mussolini brought the economy under state control

• Wanted to preserve capitalism

• System favored the upper class

• Production was maximized, workers were forbidden to strike, and wages were kept very low

The Individual and the State• Loyalty to the state was the priority over all

other loyalties

• The individual was unimportant except as a contribution to the state

• There was ongoing propaganda to “Obey, believe, fight”

• Men were encouraged to be ruthless warriors fighting for Italy, women were pushed out of paying jobs

• Women who had more than 14 children were awarded a medal of honor

• Shaping the young was a major goal– Youth groups toughened children and taught

them obedience– Boys and girls learned about the ancient

glories of Italy– Children marched in parades, sung patriotic

hymns and chanted “Mussolini is always right”

The Nature of Fascism• Mussolini built the first totalitarian state

• What is a totalitarian state?

• What is Fascism?– Centralized, totalitarian, authoritarian government– Is not communist– Puts the state over the individual/ extreme nationalism– Violates human rights– Glorified violence, discipline, and total obedience– Antidemocratic (democracy leads to weakness and

puts individual goals before the good of the whole

The Appeal of Fascism

• It promised a strong, stable government and an end to political feuding

• Porjected a sense of power and confidence during a time of despair

• Revived national pride

• At first, even foreign countries endorsed Mussolini, because he got the country in order

Fascism Compared to Communism• Fascists were the sworn enemies of the

communists and socialists

• Why?– Nationalism vs. global focus– Class system vs. classless system

• Commonalities– Blind devotion to the state– Use of terror to maintain control– Both flourished during economic crisis by

promoting extreme programs of social change

Looking Ahead

• 3 Separate systems of Government were emerging in Europe– Democracy– Communism– Fascism

Section 4 Vocabulary

• Command economy

• Collecitves

• Kulaks

• Gulag

• Socialist Realism

• Russification

• Atheism

• Comintern

Section 4: The Soviet Union Under Stalin

• Main Idea: We have learned about Mussolini’s totalitarian state in Italy. In this section, we will learn how Stalin gained and maintained control of the Soviet Union-disregarding the human costs.

• In 1924 tens of thousands of people lined the streets in Moscow’s red square to view the body of Vladimir Lenin. His body remained on display for 65 years. By preserving Lenin’s body Joseph Stalin, his successor wanted to show that he would carry on the goals of the revolution.

A Totalitarian State

• Once in control, Stalin imposed control over the economy, government owned all businesses and distributed all resources

• In 1928 he imposed a 5 year plan with 3 goals– Build heavy industry– Improve transportation– Increase farm output

• Developed a command economy

• What is a command economy?

• Mixed Results in industry– Government gave bonuses to workers and

managers who met production goals and punished those who did not

– Huge industrial complexes were built– Oil, coal, steel production grew

• Overall standard of living for workers remained low

• Central planning was inefficient causing overproduction in some area and shortages in others.

• Managers were so concerned with producing large quantities of goods that they produced low quality goods

• Consumer products such as cars, clothing, and appliances were scarce

• Workers were forbidden to strike

Forced Collectivization in Agriculture• Stalin took away peasants small plots of

land

• Wanted farmers to live on collectives

• What are collectives?

• Government would provide equipment, fertilizer and feed, farmers would learn better farming methods

• Peasants could keep their houses and personal belongings but all animals and tools were turned over to the state

• State set all the prices of what it would pay for animals and equipment

• Do you think the prices were high or low?• Some farmers resisted collective

agriculture by killing their animals, destroying equipment, & burning crops

• Stalin believed it was the wealthy farmers or kulaks, who were resisting

• He decided to liquidate this class by sending them to labor camps.

• Poor farmers also resisted by growing only enough to support their families

• Stalin responded by seizing all the crops they grew and leaving peasants to starve to death

• What was the result?

Stalin’s Terror Tactics• Used the secret police to violate people’s

personal privacy

• Nothing was printed without approval of the Government

• People who complained were sent to prison camps

• In 1934 he launches the “Great Purge” – Targets Bosheviks first, then military leaders, then

industrial managers, writers, and regular citizens– Charges them with crimes against the state

• In 1937, Stalin conducts “Show Trials”– Communist leaders were forced to publicly

confess to crimes after being tortured or threatened.

– At least 4 million people were sent to hard labor camps during this time

• Stalin’s tactics increase his power due to fear, but also result in the loss of some of Russia’s most talented thinkers and leaders

Communist Attempts to Control Thought

• Stalin distributed propaganda – Radios and loudspeakers continuously blared– In movies and school, citizens repeatedly

heard about the success of communism– Billboards and posters urged workers to boost

production

Long Live the Great Stalin, 1938

Trampled beneath the feet of the Red Army are the defeated White generals and the idol of Mammon, symbol of capitalism.

Censorship & the Arts

• Government controlled what books were written, what music was heard, and what art was displayed

• Artists work was required to meet Socialist Realism– What was the goal of Socialist Realism?– Art typically featured a positive hero beating

the odds to accomplish a goal– Who do you think was a typical “hero”?

• If artists did not conform, they faced prison, torture, exile, and death

• Some artists and writers did not create anything, others had their works published outside Russia

Russification• Stalin promoted a policy of Russification.

• What is Russification?

• Russia was made up of 11 separate republics– Initially he encouraged them to speak theie

language and maintain their culture, but eventually started appointing Russians to high ranking positions in non Russian Republics

– Required Russian to be spoke in all businesses and schools

War on Religion

• Atheism becomes the official state policy on Religion

• Russian Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Jewish religions were targeted

• Named the writings of Marx and Lenin as sacred texts and set up shrines to Stalin

Soviet Society Under Stalin

• Communists destroyed the old social class system

• Replaced it with very few in elite upper class – This included industrial leaders, military

leaders, scientists, and some artists and writers

– Lived in the best apartments, had vacation homes, could shop in special stores

Benefits and Drawbacks• All children were required to attend free school• State supported technical schools and universities as

well• State also set up outside activities for youth: sports,

cultural activities, and political youth groups to train for party membership

• State also provided free daycare, housing, and public recreation

• Although housing was provided, sometimes entire families were in one room

• Food was provided, but meat, & fruit were scarce

Women in the Soviet Union

• Women were considered equal in the USSR

• Had access to education and jobs

• Men and women earned the same salaries

Soviet Foreign Policy• 2 different foreign policy goals

– Wanted to bring about the world wide communist revolution of workers

• Lenin formed the Comintern to accomplish this• What does Comintern stand for?• Comintern encouraged communist revolutions around

the world

– Wanted to guarantee their nation’s security by positive relationships with other countries

– How do you think other nations responded to USSR’s encouragement of communist revolutions?

Looking Ahead

• Stalin dies in 1953

• USSR is a world military power

• World Industrial Power

• People were living in poverty

• Stalin failed to deliver what Lenin had promised.

CST Practice Question“We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced

countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it, or we shall go under.”

-Joseph Stalin

Which action was taken to address the problem above?

a.The Great Purge

b.The Terror Famine

c.The Five Year Plan

d.The New Economic Policy

Answer

“We are 50 or 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in 10 years. Either we do it, or we shall go under.”

-Joseph Stalin

Which action was taken to address the problem above?

a.The Great Purge

b.The Terror Famine

c.The Five Year Plan

d.The New Economic Policy

Section 5: Vocabulary

• Chancellor

• Ruhr Valley

• Third Reich

• Gestapo

• Nuremburg Laws

Section 5:Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

• We have learned about the ruthless dictators in Italy and the Soviet Union. In this section, we will study the rise of a third ruthless dictator, Adolf Hitler.

The Weimer Republic’s Rise and Fall• As WWI came to a close, Germany was in

a state of chaos, the kaiser abdicated, and the country was forced to sign the treaty of Versailles.

• German leaders drafted a new constitution creating a democratic government with a parliament led by a chancellor

• What is a chancellor?

• Constitution gave women the right to vote and guaranteed a Bill of Rights.

Political Struggles

• There were many small parties competing for power

• Because the government was moderate, it faced constant criticism from extremists– Communists wanted more radical changes– Conservatives claimed the government was

too liberal and weak

• All parties were highly upset with the treaty of Versailles

Runaway Inflation• In 1923, Germany fell behind in Reparations

payments

• France invaded the Rurh Valley where there was coal mining

• German workers responded by refusing to work

• German government supported the workers by continuing to pay them even though they weren’t working

• Germany printed paper money that it could not back

• What is the result?

• Inflation spirals out of control

• Item that cost 100 marks in July 1922 cost 944,000 marks in August 1923

Recovery and Collapse

• The Dawes Plan– In 1924, the U.S. intervenes and loans

Germany the $$ to pay off its reparations– In doing this, France withdraws from the Ruhr

Valley, and German miners return to work

• Then the Great Depression Hits

The Nazi Party’s Rise to Power• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889

• When he was 18 he went to Vienna

• Vienna was a multi-ethnic city (German-Austrians, Jews, Serbs, and Poles)

• Hitler begins to develop feelings of Anti-Semitism

• What is Anti-Semitism?

• He goes onto Germany, and fights in the Germany Army during WWI

• While in the army, Hitler joins a radical extremist group that despised the current Weimer government in Germany

• Within a year, Hilter is leading the National Socialist German Workers party aka “Nazi”

Hitler’s Manifesto• In 1923, Hitler attempts a coup to seize

power in Munich

• He was arrested and found guilty of treason

• While in prison he writes Mein Kampf (My struggle) which later becomes the basic book of Nazi ideology– Extreme nationalism, racism, anti-semitism– Believed in the superiority of the master race of light

skinned Europeans – Viewed Jews as a separate race – Blamed the loss of WWI on a conspiracy involving

Jews,Marxists, politicians, and businessmen

Hitler Comes to Power• Hitler wanted Germans to unite into one

great nation

• Wanted Germany to expand to gain Lebensraum

• What is Lebensraum?

• Expected other races to bow to the Aryan needs

• Hitler believed to accomplish these things, Germany needed him to become the Fuhrer

• When Hitler was release from prison 1 year later, he resumed his public speeches

• Membership in the Nazi party grew to 1 million

• Hitler promised to end reparations, create jobs and defy the treaty of Versailles by re-arming Germany

• Conservative party appointed Hitler chancellor in 1933 through legal means of the constitution.

• Within 1 year, Hitler was dictator of Germany

• He suspended civil rights, destroyed socialists and communists, and got rid of other political parties

• Executed any Nazi’s that he suspected of disloyalty

The Third Reich Controls Germany

• Hitler drew people into the Nazi party by reliving past military glories and Reichs (empires)

• He claimed that under the Third Reich, the German master race would dominate Europe for 1,000 years

• To combat the depression, Hitler launched a large public works program building roads, houses, or planting trees

• Hitler also began a plan to re-militarize

Germany becomes a totalitarian state

• To achieve his goals, Hitler instituted totalitarian rule, controlling all aspects of German life– Religion, government, education, press, etc

• The SS, black uniformed elite troops enforced Hitler’s will

• The Gestapo, or secret police rooted out opposition

• German’s were thrilled with Hitler’s accomplishments to revive Germany and end unemployment

The Campaign against Jews Begins

• In 1935, Hitler passed the Nuremburg Laws, which denied Jewish people German citizenship and placed restrictions on them– Could not marry non-Jews, attend German

schools or universities, hold government jobs, practice law or medicine, or publish books or articles

– Jews were beaten and robbed, and Germans were encouraged to participate in this behavior

Night of Broke Glass• On November 7, 1938, a young Jew

whose parents had been mistreated shot and wounded a German diplomat in Paris

• Hitler used this incident to stage an attack on all Jews

• Nov. 9-10 Nazi led mobs attacked Jews all over Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia

• Hitler also began making plans for his “final solution”

Nazi Youth

• Hitler urged young Germans to destroy their enemies without mercy

• Youth pledged absolute loyalty to Germany and participated in physical fitness to prepare for war

• Education was re-written to reflect Nazi views

• Upper class women were dismissed from jobs and prohibited from universities

• Hitler wanted women to raise the birthrate to produce more “pure blooded Aryans”

• Women were offered rewards for producing children

• Working class women continued to work in factories to support the war effort

Purging German Culture

• Hitler also wanted to purify German Culture– Denounced modern art (corrupted by Jewish

influence) and jazz( because of the African American influence)

• Also replaced Christianity with racial creed– Closed Catholic churches and schools– Combined all Protestant Churches into one

state church

Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe• In 1919, the Ottoman, Russian, German,

and Austrio-Hungary empires were split into many small countries– All were based on agricultural economy– All lacked the money to industrialize– All had huge class differences

• These countries were artificially created, and there were ethnic tensions (Czechoslovakia: czechs and slovaks)

• These small countries were also taken over by anti-semetic dictators

CST Practice Question“Fists are hammering at the door.The shutters are

broken open. We can hear the heavy cupboards crashing to the floor. Two storm troopers come running upstairs shouting at the top of their voices.”

These actions are a description of Hitler’s willingness to:

a.Enslave the Russian people

b.Acquire Polish lands for German settlement

c.Act upon his hatred of Jews

d.End the power of organized labor

Answer“Fists are hammering at the door.The shutters are

broken open. We can hear the heavy cupboards crashing to the floor. Two storm troopers come running upstairs shouting at the top of their voices.”

These actions are a description of Hitler’s willingness to:

a.Enslave the Russian people

b.Acquire Polish lands for German settlement

c.Act upon his hatred of Jews

d.End the power of organized labor