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Chapter 13: Genetic TechnologyGel Electrophoresis—Creates a DNA fingerprintUses restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sites
DNA fragments are then added to the gel
Gel is placed in a chamber, covered with buffer
An electric current runs through the gel
Fragments travel through the gel at different rates:Small fragments travel further (lighter)
Long fragments do not travel as far (heavier)
ApplicationsPaternity/Maternity TestingIdentification of:
CriminalsHuman remainsEndangered species
p. 359 in textbook
p. 353 in textbook
Transgenic OrganismsOrganisms that contain genes from a different organism
Applications:Plants that are frost resistantBacteria that can produce human insulin
Animals can be used to study human disease
Bacterial TransformationDesired gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid
Bacteria are stimulated to take in the plasmid
The bacteria can then produce the desired product Ex. Insulin
Human Genome Project
Effort to map and sequence all human genes
Has raised ethical concernsEx. Stem cell research, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms
Applications:Diagnosis of Genetic DisordersGene therapy (CF & SCID)DNA fingerprinting
Cell SpecializationCells differentiate because of DNA expression and gene activity.
All cells contain the same DNA and the potential to become any type of cell However, differentiation can not be reversed
All of our body cells have the same chromosomes and DNA
The parts of DNA that are activated determine the function of specialized cells Different parts of the genetic instructions are used in different types of cells
Genes are influenced by the cell’s environment Ex. Chemical signals released by other cellsEx. Radiation and other mutagens
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the ability to differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells.
Embryonic cells that have not yet differentiated are called embryonic stem
cellsStem cells found in organisms (ex.
bone marrow) are called adult stem cells
Both types of stem cells can differentiate into specialized cells under the right lab conditions.
Applications:Currently: stem cell transplant (bone
marrow) for cancerFuture: treatment of Parkinson’s,
Alzheimer’s and other nervous system disorders
Future: treatment of Type I diabetes in Children
Ethical Concerns of Research