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Chapter 12 Chapter 12
Writing and Reading
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© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright Pearson Allyn & Bacon 2010
Chapter 12 Anticipation GuideChapter 12 Anticipation Guide
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Roots of WritingRoots of Writing
• Evolves from Pre-Speech Gestures
• Determine Where Students Are on Continuum– Stages fluctuate– Stages may overlap
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Figure 12.1: Developmental Stages/ Scoring Figure 12.1: Developmental Stages/ Scoring GuidelinesGuidelines
From Georgia Department of Education, Developmental Stages/Scoring Guidelines for Writing, Atlanta, GA: 2000.
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Guided WritingGuided Writing
• Identify a strategy worth teaching
• Introduce the strategy
• Help students try the strategy
• Help students work toward independent mastery
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Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing• Prewriting
– Topic selection– Planning– Rehearsing
• Drafting (or Composing)– Emphasize creating, not mechanics or spelling– Requires perseverance– Focus on audience
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Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing• Revising– Model process– Aesthetics, formation, revisions– Tools for revision
• Editing: spelling, conventions– Model process– Editing tools
• Questions• Snapshots• Thoughtshots• Exploding a Moment• Building a Scene
– Peer editing
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Figure 12.2: Figure 12.2: A Sample Revision ChecklistA Sample Revision Checklist
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Process Approach to WritingProcess Approach to Writing
• Publishing– Focus on means of communication
• Conferences– Questions: opening, following, process– Types: teacher-individual, teacher-group,
peer, author’s circle
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Figure 12.5: Figure 12.5: Writing Conference SummaryWriting Conference Summary
Adapted from Writing Workshop Survival Kit by G. R. Muschla, 1993, West Nyack, NY: The Center for Applied Research in Education.
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Writing WorkshopWriting Workshop• Minilesson• Guided Writing/ Strategic Writing
– Writing strategies• Expository• Narrative
• Writing Time– Focus of writing workshop
• Group Sharing• Management of Writing Workshop
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QuickwritesQuickwrites
• Brief drafts in response to short literature selections or other topics
• Effective with struggling writers
• Can later be extended
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Teaching a Writing StrategyTeaching a Writing Strategy
• Explanation of strategy
• Demonstration of strategy
• Guided practice
• Application
• Extension
• Assessment & Review
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Interpersonal WritingInterpersonal Writing
• Dialogue or Conversation Form– Dialogue journals– Letters, notes, e-mail
• Provides Practice in Reading and Writing
• Privacy, Sensitivity Concerns
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Improving Expository WritingImproving Expository Writing
• Read expository text– Teach expository structures
• Cognitive strategy instruction– Improves expository writing– Procedures
• Instruction in text structures• Think sheets
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Figure 12.7: Planning Think SheetFigure 12.7: Planning Think Sheet
Adapted from Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Writing Project by C. S. Englert, T. E. Raphael, & L. M. Anderson, 1989, East Lansing, MI: Institute for Research on Teaching.
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Guiding the Writing of ReportsGuiding the Writing of Reports
• Difficulties in Analyzing & Classifying Information• Types of Report Writing
– Accumulating information– Transferring information– Transforming information
• Making Resources Available• Sharpening the Focus• Closing the Gap
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Helping ELLs with WritingHelping ELLs with Writing• Begin writing early• Academic Language
– Mastering language, form– Expand reading– Teach organization, sentence structure,
vocabulary, academic language– English linear style - might be different from
style English learners are familiar with
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Figure 12.10: A Writing GuideFigure 12.10: A Writing Guide
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Assessing and Improving WritingAssessing and Improving Writing
• Identify Key Traits– Content primary element– Engage students in identifying key traits
• Rubrics
• Create student portfolios
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Technology and WritingTechnology and Writing
• Desktop publishing– Teach features
• Computer-assisted presentations
• E-mail--Emphasize courtesy, safety concerns
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Reading Helps WritingReading Helps Writing
• Model of form & formats
• Source of ideas
• Reading like a writer
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Full MenuFull Menu• Academic• Business/economic• Civic/personal development letters• Everyday/practical• Social• General communication• Newspaper• Creative• Personal• Writing to learn
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Tools for the ClassroomTools for the Classroom
• Provide writing opportunities
• Word-processing programs benefit struggling learners
• Scaffolded learning important
• Review essential standards
• Use formal assessments & observation