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Chapter 12 Medical Terminology
and
Chapter 5 Body Structures:
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM – THE
OUTER COVERING OF THE BODY – THE SKIN
Waterproofs body and prevents water loss Intact skin plays important role in immune
system Receptor for the sense of touch Screens out harmful UV rays from sun while
synthesizing Vitamin D
STRUCTURES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Skin (derma or cutaneous) Epidermis Dermis
Tissues within the dermis Subcutaneous Layer
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM –
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Sebaceous glands –
secretes sebum to lubricate skin and discourage bacteria growth
Sweat glands – Help regulate body temp and H2O content by secreting
sweat – some metabolic waste secreted Hair –
Helps control heat loss Nails –
Protects dorsal surface of distal phalanges
ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES
THE EPIDERMIS –MADE UP OF SEVERAL LAYERS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
Outer most layer of the skin – epidermis Does not contain any blood vessels or
connective tissue Dependent on lower layers for nourishment Cells are produced in lower (basal) layer and
push upwards – when they reach the surface, they die and fill with keratin Keratin: water-repellent protein
Soft keratin: primary component of epidermis Hard keratin: found in hair and nails
THE EPIDERMIS
www.aatb.org/aatbskinbank/ mission_statement.htm
coolshade.tamu.edu/ skin_2.html
Cells and Layers of the Epidermis
Squamous (scalelike) epithelial tissue – upper layer, consists of flat, scaly cells that are
continuously sloughed off Basal layer – Also contains melanocytes
Melanocytes: cells that produce and contain dark brown-black pigment (melanin) –
Type and amount of melanin determines color of skin
Melanin also protects skin against harmful UV rays of the sun
THE DERMIS – THICK LAYER OF LIVING TISSUE DIRECTLY BELOW EPIDERMIS
Contains: Connective tissue Blood and lymph vessels Nerve fibers: endings receive impulses enabling
body to recognize sensory stimuli like touch, temp, pain, and pressure
Hair follicles Sebaceous and Sweat glands
TACTILE: pertaining to touch
PERCEPTION: the ability to recognize
sensory stimulus
www.bmb.psu.edu/.../tissues/ tissnote.htm
TISSUES WITHIN THE DERMIS –Collagen: means glue, contains tough but flexible protein material
Also found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligamentsMast Cells: respond to injury or infection by producing heparin and histamine
Heparin: released in response to injury, is an anticoagulant Histamine: released in response to allergens, causes itching and increased mucous secretion
THE SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER – CELLULITE = NONTECHNICAL TERM FOR SUBCUE FATTY DEPOSIT
Just below dermis Connects skin to
surface muscles Made up of loose
connective tissue and adipose (fatty) tissue
Lipocytes: fat cells, predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat
THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS – CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH HAIR FOLLICLES, LOCATED IN DERMIS
Secrete sebum which is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles
Sebum lubricates skin and discourages the growth of bacteria on the skin = slightly acidic
What glands are considered part of the Integumentary system as modified sebaceous glands but are also part of the Reproductive system??
MAMMARY GLANDS
THE SWEAT GLANDS – TINY GLANDS FOUND ON ALMOST ALL BODY SURFACES
Most numerous in palms of hands and soles of the feet, forehead, and armpits (axilla)
Pores: openings on the surface of the skin through which sweat gland ducts open
Sweat: perspiration – secreted by sweat glands Made up of 99% water + salt + metabolic waste Perspiration: excretion of excess H2O – cools
body as sweat evaporates into air What causes body odor associated with sweat? INTERACTION SWEAT + BACTERIA ON SKIN
THE HAIR – FIBERS OF TIGHTLY FUSED, DEAD
PROTEIN CELLS FILLED WITH HARD KERATIN
What factors determine hair color?? Amount of melanin produced by the
melanocytes that surround core of the hair shaft
Hair follicles: sacs that hold root of hair fibers Arrector pili: (erector muscles) tiny muscle
fibers attached to hair follicles that, upon contraction, cause the hair to stand up (i.e. cold or fright = goose bumps) reducing heat loss through skin
THE NAILS – UNGUIS, KERATIN PLATE COVERING
DORSAL SURFACE OF DISTAL PHALANGES
Each nail consists of the following: Nail body – translucent, made up
of hard keratinized plates of epidermal cells
Nail bed – joins nail body to underlying connective tissue, nourishes the nail
Blood vessels give nail bed it’s pink color
Free edge – the portion not attached to the nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the phalanx
MEDICAL SPECIALTIES
Dermatologist Diagnosing and treating disorders of the skin
Cosmetic surgeon – Plastic Surgeon Restoration and repair
PATHOLOGY OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Acne vulgaris: inflammatory disease with pustular eruptions of the skin in or near the sebaceous glands
Comedo: aka blackhead - sebum plug exposed to air = oxidizes
Seborrheic Dermatitis: aka dandruff – scaling of the scalp due to inflammation of upper layers of the skin
Acne vulgaris Comedo orblackheads
Seborrheicdermatitis
Sebaceous cyst
anhidrosis
SWEAT GLAND DISORDERS
Anhidrosis: lacking sweat Hyperhidrosis: excessive sweat Diaphoresis: profuse, but not necessarily
excessive sweating Miliaria: heat rash/prickly heat – inflammation
caused by trapped sweat
HAIR”Y “DISORDERS
Excessive Hairiness Hirsutism: appearance of male body or facial
hair patterns in the female Abnormal hair loss
Alopecia: baldness, partial or complete Female pattern baldness: thinning in front and
on sides, sometimes on crown Male pattern baldness: receding hairline from
front to the back until only a horseshoe shaped area remains in back and temples
hirsutism
folliculitis
alopecia
PIGMENTATION
Albinism: deficiency or absence of pigment in skin, hair, eyes due to abnormality in production of melanin
Chloasma: mask of pregnancy – brownish colored spots on face
chloasma
melanosis
SURFACE LESIONS – PATHOLOGIC CHANGE OF TISSUES DUE TO DISEASE OR INJURY
Described by appearance, location, color, and size (cm)
Contusion: does not break skin, swelling, discoloration, and pain
Ecchymosis: bruise – purple discoloration caused by hemorrhaging within the skin
Nodule: solid bump, may be felt within skin or may be raised as if it had formed below the surface and pushed upward (i.e. cyst)
Papule: solid raised skin lesion < 0.5 cm in diameter (i.e. warts, insect bites, and skin tags)
SURFACE LESIONS OF THE SKIN
FLUID-FILLED LESIONS
LESIONS THROUGH THE SKIN
WARNING!!
THE FOLLOWING PICTURES MAY BE DIFFICULT FOR VIEWING
VIEW AT YOUR DESCRETION
bruise
ecchymosis
purpura
petechia
contusion
Birthmarkvascular
Port-wine stain
dermatitis
Open lesions
coccidioidomycosis
Nodular skin lesions
Ulcers
Skin ulcer post spider bite