Violence & Drugs In Violence & Drugs In SportSport

SS 271

Linda Keeler

Topical OutlineTopical Outline

Definitions Theories of AggressionTruth about theories of aggressionViolence in the US & AthleticsDiscussion Questions

DefinitionsDefinitionsViolence:

Physically harming another for the sole purpose of injury. IntentionalSpecific to physical harmPhysical assaultOften used interchangeably with

aggression

DefinitionsDefinitions

Hostility:Negative thoughts and feelings due to

interpretation of stimuli

Trait hostility measures used for most aggression

DefinitionsDefinitions

Aggression:

“Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment.”

Involves harm or injuryIs directed towards a living organismInvolves intent to injureInjury can be physical or psychological

Definitions ContinuedDefinitions ContinuedHostile Aggression:

– Primary goal is to inflict physical or psychological injury on another

Instrumental Aggression:– Behavior intended to harm another– Sake of achieving a goal– No anger

Definitions ContinuedDefinitions Continued

Assertiveness:– Behavior that is goal directed, within the rules,

is not intended to do harm, and is considered as hard work

– May or may not result in injury to another

Techniques for Identifying Techniques for Identifying AggressionAggression

Questions, questions, questions!Questions, questions, questions!

What did you observe- sports, actions, aggression/violence?

Is this common in the U.S?What are the consequences of the

behaviors?What are the potential affects on observers?Is this common around the world?

Violence in AthleticsViolence in AthleticsBegan in ancient times (boxing,

fighting, chariots)Injuries

– Pro football 30 knee surgeries, 15 concussions

– In NFL, 2.5 concussions per 1000 plays– 500 boxers died between 1945-1995– Climate of risk

Violence in AthleticsViolence in Athletics

On-field violence is condoned – Not often punished (in game or legally)

Rise of off-field violence by athletes (used to be covered-up, highest is domestic abuse)– 21% of NFL athletes have been indicted or

charged – examples?– Violence against athletes – and more examples?– Hazing – examples?

HazingHazing What hazing went on in your school? What is ok?

– Carrying equipment/water?– Dressing up/singing/dancing?– Tied to flag pole?– Sleep deprivation?– Head shaving?– Paddling…nakedness…forced alcohol?

Where is the line? Where do you learn about where the line is?

HazingHazing

80% of NCAA student athletes surveyed said that they had been subjected to some form of hazing

42% said they had experienced it in high school

Why do most incidents go unreported?

Hazing- Hazing- Glenbrook North High Glenbrook North High

School School (May 7(May 7thth 2003 NBC) 2003 NBC) Homecoming tradition between senior and junior girls Off school property Code Of Conduct Agreement Signed Forced to eat dirt, fish guts and pet food

Kicked & human excrement poured on them 15 stitches to head, hearing loss, broken ankle,

bacterial infection A parent hired an attorney because of medical expenses This year's event got out of hand but was "not that

different from previous years."

Why did it happen?Who is to blame?

– Students?– School?– Society?

What had gone on before?

Why was nothing said before?

Hazing –Football Hazing –Football (The Daily Athenaeum Oct 7(The Daily Athenaeum Oct 7thth 2003, Sports Illustrated Dec 2003) 2003, Sports Illustrated Dec 2003)

Preseason football camp 3 HS students sexually tortured a 13 and two 14 year old

boys with a broomstick, pine cones & golf balls 5 days after camp complaints were made Complaints made before about the three perps. Coach and assistants knew nothing about it The school head told parents to go to police Victims further harassed at school The three perps suspended – tried in court Football season cancelled

Did anyone else at the camp hear, what did they do? By-stander effect – woman in NY

Canceling the season ok?– Who else was effected by the canceling of the season?

Should the teenagers involved in the hazing incident be criminally charged?

What is ok and what is not- where is the line?

Theories of AggressionTheories of AggressionInstinct Theory:

– Freud and Lorenz (psychoanalyst & ethologist)

– Naturally programmed behavior – Based in human instincts– Little to control or change aggressive impulses– Need to vent pent up aggressive energy –

“catharsis” – Benign or destructive forms– True for all cultures?– How could sport play a role in this?

Theories of AggressionTheories of Aggression

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis– We get frustrated when goal directed behavior

is interfered with– The frustration can lead to an aggressive

response– Aggression is both innate and learned

What do you think about this? True, false…how so?

Theories of AggressionTheories of Aggression

Social Learning Theory (most recent)

– We learn aggression by watching others– Social agents? – We learn aggression by others reactions to our

personal behaviors- what does this mean?– Reinforcement

Bobo doll experimentSocially based & cultural explanations much

more research support than other theories

Truths About The TheoriesTruths About The TheoriesInstinct Theory:

– Aggression is not consistent across all cultures– Aggression is highest during times of war

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis:– Frus. does not always lead to agg.– Agg. is not always precipitated by frus.

Social Learning Theory:– Agg. is highest after viewing aggression– Positive reactions to agg. increase its

occurrence

ResearchResearch Violence higher after highly publicized boxing Domestic violence during Superbowl

Which aggression and social theory does it fit with?

Violence greater for contact sport athletes during & after season than for non-athletes & non-contact athletes

Combative sports more popular during times of war Several cultures do not show aggressive play- name

any?

History of Violence in U.S.History of Violence in U.S.US was born from violence

– Land taken from natives– Fight for independence– Fight many wars

Violence is Common place– Increased crime statistics– 4-20 X higher homicide rate, 3-6X rapes &

robberies than all other industrialized nations (Canada half that of U.S) – how so?

History of Violence in U.S.History of Violence in U.S.

– Found on TV and video games24.1 acts per hour children’s daytime7.5 acts per hour during evening prime

timeBy age 18, children see 200,000 violent

acts, and 40,000 murdersNews headlinesVideo gaming huge business

Violence in AthleticsViolence in Athletics Nature of sport to check, tackle, collide, “hit” Borderline Violence

– Prohibited by official rules but routinely occur– Accepted violence (late hit, fights on court

others?)– What is/are their purpose?– Teams carry players to promote this– Owners & coaches do not stop this

Violence in AthleticsViolence in AthleticsWhat promotes violence in athletics?

List two things

TV/Media OwnersCoaches PlayersMale Bonding SteroidsAlcohol Post game traditions

Crowds-large, dense, noisy

In groups come up with a reason why it could be true- any theory?

Violence in AthleticsViolence in AthleticsFan violence

– Hooligans– Chariot race in ancient Rome, 30,000 people killed

– Juventus v Liverpool 1985 European Cup final, Heysel Stadium in Brussels. 39 spectators.died

–El Salvador v. Honduras (“Soccer war”)-countries severed ties–High school gyms & fields

How to reduce fan violence?

Essay QuestionEssay Question

Using a current article describe how violence is a part of society and sport today

Use key terms and theories discussed to highlight your case

Include a suggestion of how you we can change things

Drugs in SportDrugs in Sport

Ergogenic AidsErgogenic Aids

Anything used to give you an advantageLike what?

Drugs in SocietyDrugs in Society War on Drugs over last 15 years Estimates of 87m Americans used

illegal drugs …3.6 dependant on them Pill popping society Musicians & artists Media attention

Drugs in SportDrugs in SportWhy Take Why Take them?them?

New world records Any competitive edge $$ Norm in sport & pill popping society Follow coach’s rules Chances of getting caught Been around since Roman times

New marathon record

Drugs In SportDrugs In Sport

Prevalence of performance enhancement and addictive substances in athletes– Alcohol (88% considered greatest threat to H.S.

aths.) Binge drinking!– Cocaine (6% considered greatest threat to H.S.

aths.)– Marijuana (3% considered greatest threat to H.S.

aths.)

Other DrugsOther Drugs

– Steroids – Human growth hormone (HGH)– Erythoprotein (EPO) - red blood cells– Androstenedione (Andro) – Creatine (nutritional over the counter)-legal

No long term studiesDehydration, GI problems, cramping

Blood Doping

A few moreA few more Caffeine Herbal supplements Growth retardant hormones Beta-blockers - heart Nasal decongestants Diuretics, laxatives & diet

pills Ephederine- CNS Pain suppressants –climate

of risk Others?

Drugs in SportDrugs in Sport

Steroid Use– Synthetic derivatives of the male sexual

hormone “testosterone”– Anabolic and Androgenic properties– Not always shown to work– Common in sports where power, strength, &

bulk are important

What are Steroids?What are Steroids? Androgenic Properties

– Affects growth of the male reproductive tract and sex characteristics

Enlarged length and diameter of penis

Inc. pubic, auxiliary and facial hair

Devt. of prostrate and scrotum

Inc. Libido and sexual function

Anabolic Properties– Affects non-

reproductive tracts Inc. Long bone

growth Epiphyseal closure Thick vocal chords Muscle mass and

strength Dec. body fat

Effects of SteroidsEffects of Steroids

Increase: – muscle definition– aggressiveness– lean muscle mass

Decrease recovery time from exercise strength

Testicular shrinkage Reduced testosterone

production Liver tumors Personality changes Switch in male and

female characteristics

Steroid UseSteroid Use

Reported that up to 75% of NFL players have used 6-10% of male H.S. student, 2% of females More than 50% would use drug to win Olympic

gold, even if they would die 1 year after doing so

What does that say?

Would you?

Ben JohnsonBen Johnson

Sept 24th 2003 -15 years ago Won Seoul Olympic 100m gold in 9.79 seconds Ben Johnson, only to be stripped of his medal

after testing positive for steroids. His time was not beaten until last year

What do You think?What do You think?

A life ban from the track followed in March 1993 when he gave another positive test

"The sport will never be clean. It's going to be going on until the end of time."

THG (Tetrahydrogestrinone)THG (Tetrahydrogestrinone)Banned steroid - tweaked so undetectable by

normal dope testsAthletics hit as well as baseballUS Anti-Doping Agency anonymously contactedBalco- makes nutritional supplementstests & proscribes for vitamin and mineral

deficiencies (Marion Jones, Barry Bonds, & Bill Romanowski all clients)

Barry Bonds’ trainner, Greg Andersonsteriod distribution ringBalco lab at center of controversy

Drugs in BaseballDrugs in BaseballKen Caminiti, 15 years big leaguesInjury to rotator cuff - hum bulk up10wk cycle $300-400 Steriods, 96 so much testicles shrank & retractedSays necessary for competitive edge & financial

securitySays 50% use, Canseco says 85% useTesting & bans NFL, NBA but not NHL or MLB

(minor league but no big deal)

Why do people do drugs?Are drugs needed in sport?Should drugs be made legal in sport?

– Why needed, legal, pros vs why bad, cons

• What can be done?

Drug TestingDrug Testing

Drug testing – Random & unannounced– Expensive?– Reliable?– Cheating & fixing

Masking agents Cycling on and off drugsWhat are athletes’ rights and responsibilities?Should athletes be drug tested?

Who Should be Blamed?Who Should be Blamed? Athletes are very vulnerable, full of dreams and

ambitions, & are prepared to do whatever is asked of them.

Do everything possible regarding training, diet & sleep to help improve performance

“It's a very small step from that to a coach saying, right, I want you to do this - and suggesting they take a substance.”

Who Should be Blamed?Who Should be Blamed?

Who is punished for a drug violation? If an athlete is caught, they are banned - but that's

it. That's the end of the road Often nothing is done to coaches & medics There is not enough energy expended in trying to

find out who these people are

Coach & PhysicianCoach & Physician

July 2000, former East German coach, Manfred Ewald, was found guilty of doping more than 100 young athletes

Suspended prison sentence of 22 months. The sports medical officer, Manfred Hoppner, 66, was

given an 18-month suspended sentence Both charged with causing bodily harm to young athletes During the two-month trial a number of athletes and

swimmers testified to having suffered from health problems as a result of using the anabolic steroids

What stands out to you from this?

In Drugs’ DefenseIn Drugs’ Defense

Ron Clarke, former Australian middle-distance runner & multiple world record holder

He suggested that athletes should be permitted to use performance-enhancing drugs, including steroids and EPO, as long as they did not harm their health

What do you think?

In Drugs’ DefenseIn Drugs’ Defense

"If it's not dangerous, no (it should not be banned), it just levels the playing field,"

"As soon as something comes along like EPO...they'll say it's a drug and you can't use it (but) it's the only thing that levels the playing field."

Athletes born at sea level should be allowed to use drugs to give them a fairer chance against competitors raised at altitude

So what is good and fair?

Essay QuestionEssay Question

“Sport will never be clean. It’s going to be going on until the end of time.”

Respond to the statement

Talk about both society and sport, types of drugs used in the specific sport & effects of the drug.

Pros and cons of use, testing, who to blame, and how to change things.