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Chapter 12. Research related to Sanctions. From the headlines. Survey of 100 senior executives Dress influences promotion (a positive sanction) Appearance influences impressions of Credibility Suitability for role with greater responsibility Decisions about what to wear to work - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 12
Research related to Sanctions
From the headlines Survey of 100 senior executives Dress influences promotion (a positive sanction) Appearance influences impressions of
Credibility Suitability for role with greater responsibility
Decisions about what to wear to work Would managers at my company wear this? Does it give me confidence? Is it clean and in good condition? Is it comfortable?
Appearance influences impressions of credibility
Questions to answer How do researchers study sanctions against
dress norm violations? How does research reveal the interrelatedness
of the aspects and variations of sanctions? What methods are used to conduct research
related to sanctions against dress norm violations?
What tools are used to collect data for research related to sanctions?
Use of sanctions within the family Socialization agents
Parents/guardians Earliest Most influential
In transmitting society’s values and norms Positive sanctions—praise, compliments Negative sanctions—shame, guilt
Positive sanctions--compliments
Shame—negative self-evaluation
Teasing Teasing
Sarcasm Insults Mockery Ridicule Making fun of Belittling Malicious remarks
During childhood, obese girls receive more comments and more teasing
Socialization Agents Transmit Cultural principle of acceptable and ideal
appearance (e.g., weight/height ratio or Body Mass Index)
Appearance-related teasing can have long-term effects on body image, depression, and eating disturbances
Society’s Values and Norms
Body Mass Index (BMI) Formula: Weight/(height X height) x 703 Divide your weight by the square of your
height Multiply by a conversion factor of 703 Below 18.5 Underweight 18.5 – 24.9 Normal 25.0-29.9 Overweight 30.0 and above Obese
What is Cathy’s BMI?
Prevalence and effects of teasing by family members Teasing about appearance—risk factor for
body image and eating disturbances Middle-school girls
23% teased by a parent about appearance 12% teased by a parent about being
overweight 19% teased by fathers 13% teased by mothers 29% teased by siblings
Teasing by mothers related to depression Teasing by fathers related to
Body dissatisfaction Social comparison Thin-ideal internalization Restriction Bulimic behaviors Self-esteem Depression
Dear Ann Landers A recent letter from “Heavy-Duty Problem
in Atlanta” described the conflict between a husband and wife over their daughter’s weight. The mother was concerned because the girl is overweight and a borderline diabetic. The father felt she was being picked on by her mother. You replied that the father should support the mother’s efforts to help “Sue.”
Where in the world did you get the idea that the mother is helping the girl? However well-intentioned and sincere she believes her concerns are for her daughter’s health, it is obvious from her reference to “excess blubber” that the daughter is receiving a lot of negative, judgmental, and accusatory vibes.
Frequency of teasing related to
Body dissatisfactionSocial comparisonThin-ideal internalizationRestrictionBulimic behaviorsSelf-esteemPerfectionismAppearance-related teasing is NOT a
harmless behavior
Positive and negative body-related comments and body satisfaction Body satisfaction—an individual’s
satisfaction with specific physical features, weight and/or shape
898 54-year-old females 50% reported positive comments from
spouse 25% reported negative comments from
spouse
Positive or negative comment?
Comments while growing up Positive comments—25% of women Source: mothers Negative comments—33% of women Source: peers at school Negative comments recalled from
childhood had a negative effect on midlife body satisfaction
Family Support
Power of other people Damaging experiences in childhood Embarrassment, ridicule, comments Praise, support Others—parents, coaches, teachers,
spouses, physicians Most teasing related to body size and
shape Women recalled more experiences than
men
Comments related to weight
Use of sanctions within the school Sanctions used by students against their
peers Sanctions used by students against
teachers and administrators Sanctions used by teachers and
administrators against students
Name-calling and Nicknames9-10 year old children Negative experience Most common content of nicknames—physical
appearance Weight Height Nose Teeth Hair Skin (freckles, warts)
Sanctions used by students against their peers
Frequency and effects More than 20%
experienced nasty comments and unkind nicknames daily
Effects—unhappy, upset
Teasing, name-calling, nicknames Targets of such sanctions are “different” Appearance, personality, ethnicity, etc. Deviate from some social norm Lack of tolerance in U.S. society for
individuals who look different Usually involves repeated exposure over
time to negative actions on the part of one or more people
Deviation from a social norm
5th grade boys and girls Teasing and bullying in school Teasing was verbal aggression
Name-calling Laughing at another’s appearance, race,
academic, or athletic abilities Cursing Spreading rumors
Teasing is verbal aggression
Children recalled Names—geek, shrimp, wimp, etc. Teasing remarks—too big, too fat, too tall Targets did not look like everyone else
Wore glasses Wore bad clothes
Teasing was an extreme and extensively pervasive sanction
Ugly duckling
Bullying When children say nasty things to a child When a child is hit, kicked, threatened,
locked inside a room, or sent nasty notes When no one ever talks to a child When a child is teased repeatedly in a
nasty way Most bullying took the form of name-
calling--50% of younger students; 67% of secondary students
Name-calling and Nicknames Name-calling is calling someone abusive,
disgraceful or shameful names Unkind nicknames are names given to a person in
contempt or derision Verbal sanctions
Name-calling
Adult recollections of name-calling and nicknames during school More than half were called hurtful names Name-calling peaked between 8-12 years
of age Most common content of names referred
to physical appearance Other categories of names (e.g., famous
person, animals, objects) also related to appearance
Famous people
Results of name-calling Negative feelings such as anger, embarrassment,
shame, unhappiness Effects of name-calling lasted into adulthood
Memories of childhood teasing and anxiety and depression as adults Teasing Questionnaire (TQ)
Being ugly or unattractive Weight Height Aspects of appearance (e.g., dress, glasses,
hair color) Ethnic or cultural differences (wearing special
items of clothing such as a head covering)
Results Males and females scored equally on TQ Appearance-related items endorsed most
strongly Females—recalled being teasing about
Weight Height Appearance
Results Males recalled being teased about
Aspects of appearance Hair color Weight Excelling at school
There was a relationship between teasing during childhood and both depression and anxiety as adults
Teasing of overweight and non-overweight children Teasing about physical attributes Being called disparaging nicknames Frequency Duration Perpetrators Emotional impact of teasing
Overweight children Appearance-related teasing most
prevalent, frequent and upsetting Involved disparaging nicknames More often by peers Contemptuous nicknames related to fat,
body parts, overweight characters, and large animals or objects
Teasing was related to Weight concerns Loneliness Negative self-perception Preference for sedentary/isolative
activities Lower preference for active-social
activities
Case studies of school shootings Possible role of teasing and rejection 3 forms of rejection among adolescents
Teasing Ostracism Romantic rejection
Occur in the presence of other people An element of public humiliation
Perpetrators had been teased or bullied Many had been ostracized
Ridicule One means of communicating
consumptions norms and values among adolescents
Interviews Recalled mean-spirited barbs (hurtful
remarks) Used to put down and exclude those Who did not fit into the group
Recalled being taunted About over-protective parents About being immature Name-calling Responded to ridicule by conforming to
group norms Sought greater control over clothing
purchases Peer opinions replaced parental input
Jeer pressure Refers to the pressure felt by witnesses of ridicule
to behave in conventional ways Ridicule and teasing
Establish or maintain power over someone By intentionally embarrassing them
Embarrassment—to become painfully self-conscious, ashamed, humiliated, or ill-at-ease
Universal need to be liked by others and to fear rejection
Sanctions used by students against teachers and administrators Name-calling and nicknames reflect power
issues—weaker called names by stronger Students (weaker power position) use
derogatory nicknames for teachers they view negatively
Nicknames expressed dislike, contempt, or were attempts to get even
Characteristics of nicknames Teachers with most hurtful nicknames
Less admired Less popular Less respected More disliked
Most frequent category—some distinctive feature of physical appearance
Baldness, mole, double chin, overweight Students used nicknames in a secretive fashion
Comments about teacher in secretive fashion
Sanctions used by teachers and administrators against students Published in student handbooks Dress code violations—violations of norms
for student appearance
Dress code violations lead to sanctions
Content analysis of 155 handbooks 26 sanctions found Examples: verbal reprimand, loss of
privileges, detention, suspension, expulsion, disciplinary probation, alternative school
Not found—corporal punishment, student apology
Characteristics of sanctions in handbooks External Formal (except verbal reprimand) Punishment Obtrusive (21 of 26) Moderate magnitude (22 of 26) Mild (16 of 26) Equally pervasive (13), non-pervasive (13)
Use of Sanctions in the Workplace Creating a company image is important Dress and appearance one method Appearance-based hiring policies can be
discriminatory
Sanctions associated with appearance regulation at work Termination Promotion Being passed over for promotion or
partnership Social ridicule
Sanctions associated with visible religious symbols in the workplace Visual religious symbols may arouse
anxiety or fear in others who do not belong to the religion symbolized
Religious symbols
Common justifications for not allowing particular dress items Aesthetic Public health Public safety Solidarity
Employment discrimination of Muslim women who wear hijab 90% said a prospective employer said
something to them about wearing hijab 40% were told they must remove their
hijab if they wanted a job Applicants without hijab were treated in a
courteous manner Applicants with hijab were treated in a
dismissive and rude manner
Women who wore hijab experienced negative sanctions Denied jobs Told they must remove the hijab Harassed in the workplace Fired
Women who wore hijab experienced negative sanctions
Sanctions associated with weight as an appearance norm violation Sanctions
Taunting Name-calling Stereotypes
Unattractive Lazy Incompetent Second-class citizens
Called lazy, stupid, incapable
Dear Ann Landers“Extra Weight Isn’t Sign of a Sluggard” I have a response for “Frank in Frederick, S.D.”
who called women who are carrying extra weight “addicted, lazy, indifferent, self-indulgent, sick, or just plain stupid.” I am several pounds overweight and tired of being
lumped into the same category with lazy, uncaring slobs. I work 40 hours a week, keep an immaculate house, take care of two children, and a husband, and find time for visits to a gym to work out. I am the only woman on my block who cuts the grass, washes the car, paints the house, and knows how to dismantle an above-ground swimming pool.
When I am doing dirty work around the house, I admit that I look like a mess, but not many people wear an evening gown to wash the car. At work, I wear nice outfits, makeup, jewelry and heels. I can adapt to any situation from digging a hole in the back yard to attending a formal party.
Not all overweight people are sitting in front of the television feeling sorry for themselves and stuffing their face with food. We are vital members of the community who just happen to have some extra weight.
“Fed” up in Louisiana
Impressions lead to sanctions Sloppy, dirty, ugly, disgusting, unkempt Sanctions of extensive pervasiveness Informal sanctions
Repulsion Disgust Dirty looks Make fun of Look right through Nicknames and name-calling
Dear Ann Landers I read those letters trumpeting the theme “Thin is
in,” and I totally agree with you. I’m a smidge over 5 feet tall and an extra two pounds really shows up on me.
I’ve gained 25 pounds in 23 years of marriage. I’m not fat but I could stand to lose 20 pounds. What really bugs me is my husband. He says I’m fat and he equates fat with “lazy” and “slob” and says I’d better get my act together. Chubby in Cal
Dear Chubby in Cal I’ve said it many times, but I’ll say it once
more. Overweight people know how they look. Unkind comments are demoralizing, not helpful. They hurt and destroy self-esteem. I’m always slightly suspicious of people who feel they need to tell you something “for your own good.”