Chapter 12

The Second War for Independence and the

Upsurge of Nationalism

On to Canada over Land and On to Canada over Land and LakesLakes

Oliver Hazard Oliver Hazard Perry Perry

Army of the War of 1812

• Army poorly trained• Supplemented by poorly trained militia• Remaining generals from Revolutionary War

American Offensive StrategyAmerican Offensive Strategy

Americans lost strength in the three-Americans lost strength in the three-pronged invasionpronged invasion

Trio invaded Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Trio invaded Detroit, Niagara, and Lake ChamplainChamplain

Defeated at Canadian borderDefeated at Canadian border

British Aide Canadians

• Captured American Fort Michilimackinac• Fort commanded upper Great Lakes and Indian-

inhabited area• Operations led by British General Isaac Brock, assisted

by “General Mud” and “General Confusion”

Americans looked for success on Americans looked for success on waterswaters

Navy did much better than the ArmyNavy did much better than the Army American ships more skillfully American ships more skillfully

handled than Britishhandled than British Better GunnersBetter Gunners Frigates had thicker sides, heavier Frigates had thicker sides, heavier

fire power, larger crewsfire power, larger crews Control of the Great Lakes was vitalControl of the Great Lakes was vital

Washington Burned and New Washington Burned and New Orleans DefendedOrleans Defended

British entered and set fire to most of capitolBritish entered and set fire to most of capitol British in 1814, aimed at New Orleans British in 1814, aimed at New Orleans Andrew Jackson commands 7,000 troopsAndrew Jackson commands 7,000 troops 8,000 British veterans assaulted American8,000 British veterans assaulted American riflemen and cannoneersriflemen and cannoneers British lost over two thousand in half an hour.British lost over two thousand in half an hour. The Royal navy blockaded America’s coastThe Royal navy blockaded America’s coast

--Crippled American economy--Crippled American economy

The Treaty of The Treaty of GhentGhent• Tsar of Russia brought 5 American Tsar of Russia brought 5 American

peacemakers to city of Ghent.peacemakers to city of Ghent.• British demand a neutralized Indian British demand a neutralized Indian

state in the Great Lakes and part of state in the Great Lakes and part of Maine; Americans reject these terms.Maine; Americans reject these terms.

• The Treaty of Ghent- an armistice The Treaty of Ghent- an armistice where both sides agreed to stop where both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered fighting and restore conquered territory.territory.

Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

A small group of New England extremists A small group of New England extremists proposed secession from the Union.proposed secession from the Union.

Massachusetts issued a call for a convention Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford, where 26 men met in secrecy.at Hartford, where 26 men met in secrecy.

The Convention’s report demanded financial The Convention’s report demanded financial assistance and proposed amendments assistance and proposed amendments requiring a two-thirds vote before embargo requiring a two-thirds vote before embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.war declared.

The Second War for The Second War for IndependenceIndependence

Other Nations developed new respect for Other Nations developed new respect for America’s prowess.America’s prowess.

The events of war revealed folly of The events of war revealed folly of sectional disunity.sectional disunity.

The Indians consented to relinquish vast The Indians consented to relinquish vast areas of forested land north of Ohio River.areas of forested land north of Ohio River.

Industries become less dependent on Industries become less dependent on Europe’s workshops.Europe’s workshops.

Nascent NationalismNascent Nationalism

►Washington Irving and James Fenimore Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international Cooper attained international recognition.recognition.

►School textbooks were now being written School textbooks were now being written by Americans for Americans and by Americans for Americans and magazines began publication in 1815.magazines began publication in 1815.

►Congress voted a revived Bank of the Congress voted a revived Bank of the United States in 1816.United States in 1816.

““The American System”The American System”

British competitors began to dump British competitors began to dump the contents of their warehouses on the contents of their warehouses on the United States.the United States.

The Tariff of 1816 first tariff The Tariff of 1816 first tariff instituted for protection.instituted for protection.

The American System: a strong The American System: a strong banking system, a protective tariff, banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals.and a network of roads and canals.

                                

Henry

Henry ClayHenry Clay

The The So-CalledSo-Called Era of Good Era of Good FeelingsFeelings

James Monroe voted for the James Monroe voted for the Presidency by RepublicansPresidency by Republicans

Issues of the tariff, the bank, Issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being sale of public lands were being hotly contested. hotly contested.

Sectionalism was crystallizing, Sectionalism was crystallizing, and the conflict over slavery was and the conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous beginning to raise its hideous head.head.

The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times

In 1819 panic brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons

The Bank of the United States became deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling and forced the western banks to wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms

Growing Pains of the WestGrowing Pains of the West

The Battle of the Thames, Where Tecumseh Was Killed in 1813The Battle of the Thames, Where Tecumseh Was Killed in 1813

• Nine frontier states joined the original thirteen between 1791 and1819.

• Reasons for explosive expansion are: “the Ohio fever”, eager new comers, and land exhaustion.

• Acute economic distress and crushing of Indians in Northwest and South by Generals Harrison and Jackson pacified frontier and opened vast virgin tracts of land.

• The building of highways improved the land routes to Ohio Valley.

The Land Act of 1820

The West forced to ally itself with other sections, and demanded cheap acreage and partially achieved its goal

Act authorized buyers to purchase 80 acres at minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash

It also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.

Slavery and the Sectional BalanceSlavery and the Sectional Balance

In 1819 Missouri asked Congress for In 1819 Missouri asked Congress for admission as slave state.admission as slave state.

With every passing decade, the North was With every passing decade, the North was becoming wealthier and more thickly becoming wealthier and more thickly settledsettled

Missouri was the first state entirely west of Missouri was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchasethe Louisiana Purchase

The Tallmadge Amendment

Stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri

Provided gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there

The Uneasy Missouri The Uneasy Missouri CompromiseCompromise

Deadlock in Washington was broken in 1820 by the American Deadlock in Washington was broken in 1820 by the American solution of a bundle of three compromisessolution of a bundle of three compromises

Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, but at same Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, but at same time Maine was admitted as separate statetime Maine was admitted as separate state

South won Missouri as an unrestricted slave state; the North won South won Missouri as an unrestricted slave state; the North won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territoriesterritories

The Missouri Compromise lasted thirty-four years and during that The Missouri Compromise lasted thirty-four years and during that time it preserved the shaky compact of the statestime it preserved the shaky compact of the states

Monroe was the only president in American history to be reelected Monroe was the only president in American history to be reelected after a term in which a major financial panic beganafter a term in which a major financial panic began

John Marshall and Judicial John Marshall and Judicial NationalismNationalism

The up surging nationalism of the post-The up surging nationalism of the post-Ghent years was further reflected and Ghent years was further reflected and reinforced by the Supreme Court.reinforced by the Supreme Court.

One group of John Marshall’s decisions One group of John Marshall’s decisions bolstered the power of the federal bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.government at the expense of the states.

McCulloch v. Maryland

McCulloch v. Maryland involved an attempt by McCulloch v. Maryland involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes.its notes.

Marshall strengthened federal authority and Marshall strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank.the right of Maryland to tax the Bank.

Marshall said that the Constitution was derived Marshall said that the Constitution was derived from the consent of the people and thus from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit.permitted the government to act for their benefit.

Cohens v. VirginiaCohens v. Virginia

The case of Cohens v. Virginia gave Marshall one of The case of Cohens v. Virginia gave Marshall one of his greatest opportunities to defend the federal power.his greatest opportunities to defend the federal power.

The Cohens were found guilty by the Virginia courts of The Cohens were found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets and Virginia won in the illegally selling lottery tickets and Virginia won in the sense that the conviction of the Cohens was upheld; sense that the conviction of the Cohens was upheld; but Virginia and all the individual states lost, because but Virginia and all the individual states lost, because Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.questions involving powers of the federal government.

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden

The suit of Gibbons v. Ogden grew The suit of Gibbons v. Ogden grew out of attempt by the state of New out of attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey.between New York and New Jersey.

Marshall reminded the state that the Marshall reminded the state that the Constitution conferred on Congress Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate alone the control of interstate commerce.commerce.

Judicial Dikes Against Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Democratic Excesses

Painted by Robert Clayton Burns, this painting depicts Daniel Webster's argument of the famous Dartmouth College Case.

Fletcher v. Peck

• The case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810) arose when a Georgia legislature, swayed by liberty, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to private speculators, but the next legislature canceled the crooked transaction.

• The Supreme Court decreed that the legislative grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws “impairing” contracts.

• It was also one of the earliest clear assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution.

Dartmouth College v. WoodwardDartmouth College v. Woodward The case of Dartmouth College v. The case of Dartmouth College v.

Woodward (1819) was when the Woodward (1819) was when the college had been granted a charter college had been granted a charter by King George III, 1769, but by King George III, 1769, but democratic New Hampshire state democratic New Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it.legislature wanted to change it.

Dartmouth employed as counsel its most distinguished Dartmouth employed as counsel its most distinguished alumnus, Daniel Webster.alumnus, Daniel Webster.

Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand and the Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand and the Dartmouth decision had the fortunate effect to Dartmouth decision had the fortunate effect to safeguarding business enterprise from the domination by safeguarding business enterprise from the domination by the states’ government.the states’ government.

WebsterWebster

Daniel Webster was an Daniel Webster was an Expounding Father; his classic Expounding Father; his classic speeches in Senate, challenging speeches in Senate, challenging states’ rights and nullification, states’ rights and nullification, were largely repetitious of were largely repetitious of arguments that he had earlier arguments that he had earlier presented before Supreme presented before Supreme Court.Court.

MarshallMarshall

Marshall buttressed the federal Union and Marshall buttressed the federal Union and helped create a stable, nationally uniform helped create a stable, nationally uniform environment for businessenvironment for business

He checked the excesses of popularly He checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures; shaped the elected state legislatures; shaped the Constitution along the conservativeConstitution along the conservative

He centralized lines that ran somewhat He centralized lines that ran somewhat counter to dominant spirit of new country.counter to dominant spirit of new country.

Sharing Oregon and Sharing Oregon and Acquiring FloridaAcquiring Florida

• Americans already claimed west Florida in 1810; Congress ratified this in 1812

• When an epidemic of revolutions broke out in South America, Spain denuded Florida of troops to fight the rebels

• Jackson secured commission to enter Spanish territory, punish Indians, and recapture runaways.

• In Florida Purchase Treaty(Adams-Onis ) of 1819, Spain ceded Florida, and Spanish claims to Oregon, in exchange for America’s abandonment of equal claims to Texas

The Treaty of 1818The Treaty of 1818 The Monroe administration negotiated the Treaty The Monroe administration negotiated the Treaty

of 1818 with Britainof 1818 with Britain

It permitted Americans to share the It permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canadians, and fixed Newfoundland fisheries with Canadians, and fixed the northern limits of Louisiana along the forty-the northern limits of Louisiana along the forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky MountainsRocky Mountains

It further provided for a ten-year joint occupation It further provided for a ten-year joint occupation of Oregon Country, without a surrender of the of Oregon Country, without a surrender of the rights of claims of either America or Britainrights of claims of either America or Britain

The Menace of Monarchy in The Menace of Monarchy in AmericaAmerica

The crowned despots smothered rebellion in Italy and Spain The crowned despots smothered rebellion in Italy and Spain

Americans feared if European powers intervened in New Americans feared if European powers intervened in New World, cause of republicanism would suffer irreparable harmWorld, cause of republicanism would suffer irreparable harm

Great Britain didn’t join the continental European powers in Great Britain didn’t join the continental European powers in crushing the newly won liberties of Spanish-Americans crushing the newly won liberties of Spanish-Americans because they opened their monopoly-bound ports to outside because they opened their monopoly-bound ports to outside tradetrade

Russia’s InvolvementRussia’s Involvement Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, Austria, Prussia, and

France would presumably send France would presumably send powerful fleets and armies to powerful fleets and armies to colonies of Spanish America and colonies of Spanish America and restore autocratic Spanish Kingrestore autocratic Spanish King

In 1821, the Russian Tzar made a In 1821, the Russian Tzar made a decree extending Russian decree extending Russian jurisdiction over one hundred jurisdiction over one hundred miles of open sea down the line of miles of open sea down the line of 51*51*

The energetic Russians had The energetic Russians had already established trading posts already established trading posts almost as far south as the almost as far south as the entrance to San Francisco Bayentrance to San Francisco Bay Alexander II

Canning ProposalCanning Proposal► In August 1823 George Canning, British In August 1823 George Canning, British

foreign secretary, approached American foreign secretary, approached American minister in London with propositionminister in London with proposition

► The U.S. join Britain in declaration renouncing The U.S. join Britain in declaration renouncing interest in acquiring Latin American Territory, interest in acquiring Latin American Territory, and warning the European despots to keep and warning the European despots to keep their hands off the Latin Republicstheir hands off the Latin Republics

► Adams thought if Canning could seduce the Adams thought if Canning could seduce the U.S. into joining with him to support territorial U.S. into joining with him to support territorial integrity of New World, America’s own hands integrity of New World, America’s own hands would be tiedwould be tied

John Quincy Adams

Monroe and His DoctrineMonroe and His Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was born with two features of The Monroe Doctrine was born with two features of non-colonization and nonintervention, and the non-colonization and nonintervention, and the president on December 2, 1823, incorporated a president on December 2, 1823, incorporated a stern warning to all European powersstern warning to all European powers

Monroe first directed his doctrine at Russia in Monroe first directed his doctrine at Russia in Northwest and proclaimed the era of colonization in Northwest and proclaimed the era of colonization in Americas ended and the hunting season Americas ended and the hunting season permanently closedpermanently closed

Monroe directed European crowned heads to keep Monroe directed European crowned heads to keep their monarchical systems out of his hemisphere; their monarchical systems out of his hemisphere; and for its part the U.S. would not intervene with war and for its part the U.S. would not intervene with war

Monroe’s Doctrine Upraised

Though offended by upstart Yankees, European powers found their hands tied, and frustrations increased their annoyance

The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 fixed the tzar’s southernmost line of 54*40’.

The United States never willingly permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near its Caribbean vitals