IndustryAPHG Spring 2014. Key Issues Where is industry distributed? Where is industry distributed?...
58
Industry APHG Spring 2014
IndustryAPHG Spring 2014. Key Issues Where is industry distributed? Where is industry distributed? Why are situation factors important? Why are situation
Key Issues Where is industry distributed? Where is industry
distributed? Why are situation factors important? Why are situation
factors important? Why are site factors important? Why are site
factors important? Why are location factors changing? Why are
location factors changing?
http://embed.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_asia_s_rise_how_and_when.html
Slide 3
Where is Industry Distributed? Origin of industry From cottage
industries to the Industrial Revolution (series of events) Impact
of the Industrial Revolution especially great on iron, coal,
transportation, textiles, chemicals, and food processing Most
significant impact of the IR was to promote concentration rather
than dispersion of industry across the landscape
Slide 4
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution When, Where, Why: Island
of Great Britain in mid- to late 1700s Why? Flow of capital Second
agricultural revolution Mercantilism and cottage industries
Resources: coal, iron ore, and water power Diffusion of
railways
Slide 5
The Industrial Revolution originated in areas of northern
England. Factories often clustered near coalfields The Industrial
Revolution originated in areas of northern England. Factories often
clustered near coalfields. Industrial Revolution Hearths
Slide 6
Flow of Capital Into Europe, 1775 Needed flow of capital in
order to fuel the Industrial Revolution
Slide 7
Textiles Production: Liverpool and Manchester Iron Production:
Birmingham Coal Mining: Newcastle
Slide 8
Diffusion to Mainland Europe In early 1800s, innovations
diffused into mainland Europe. In early 1800s, innovations diffused
into mainland Europe. Location criteria: Location criteria:
proximity to coal fields; proximity to coal fields; Connection via
water to a port Connection via water to a port Flow of capital Flow
of capital Later Diffusion In late 1800s, innovations diffused to
some regions without coal. In late 1800s, innovations diffused to
some regions without coal. Location criteria: Location criteria:
Access to railroad Access to railroad Flow of capital Flow of
capital
Slide 9
Diffusion of Industrial Revolution
Slide 10
The Paris Basin is the Industrial base of France. Rouen
(pictured here) is at the head of navigation point on the Seine
River.
Slide 11
Where is Industry Distributed? Industrial regions Europe
Emerged in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Western
Europe, Central Europe, Russia (Europe/Asia) North America Industry
arrived later but spread faster than in Europe East Asia
Slide 12
Industrial Regions The worlds major manufacturing regions are
found in North America, Europe, and East Asia. Other manufacturing
centers are also found elsewhere.
Slide 13
Industrial Areas in Europe
Slide 14
Industrial Areas in North America
Slide 15
Manufacturing Centers in East Asia Many industries in China are
clustered in three centers near the east coast. In Japan,
production is clustered along the southeast coast.
Slide 16
Major Manufacturing Regions of East Asia
Slide 17
How do Location Theories explain Industrial Location?
Slide 18
Location Theory Location Theory predicting where business will
or should be located. Location Theory predicting where business
will or should be located. Considerations: Considerations: Variable
costs Variable costs Friction of distance Friction of distance
Slide 19
Location Models Webers Model Manufacturing plants will locate
where costs are the least (least cost theory) Theory: Least Cost
Theory Costs: Transportation, Labor, Agglomeration Webers Model
Manufacturing plants will locate where costs are the least (least
cost theory) Theory: Least Cost Theory Costs: Transportation,
Labor, Agglomeration Hotellings Model Location of an industry
cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the
same kind. Theory: Locational interdependence Hotellings Model
Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to
other industries of the same kind. Theory: Locational
interdependence Loschs Model Manufacturing plants choose locations
where they can maximize profit. Theory: Zone of Profitability
Loschs Model Manufacturing plants choose locations where they can
maximize profit. Theory: Zone of Profitability
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-competitors-open-their-stores-next-to-one-another-
jac-de-haan#watch
Slide 20
Loschs Model - Zone of Profitability Zones of distance decay
sales will be unprofitable.
Slide 21
Why Are Situation Factors Important? Situation factors
Situation factors Proximity to inputs Location near markets
Transport choices Types of Industries Bulk-reducing industries
Examples: Copper Steel Others? Integrated steel mills in the U.S.
are clustered near the southern Great Lakes, which helped minimize
transport costs of heavy raw materials.
Slide 22
Proximity to markets Bulk-gaining industries Examples:
Fabricated metals Beverage production Single-market manufacturers
Perishable products U.S.-owned parts plants are clustered near the
main final assembly plants. Foreign-owned plants tend to be located
further south, where labor unions are weaker.
Slide 23
Copper Industry in North America Copper mining, concentration,
smelting, and refining are examples of bulk-reducing industries.
Many are located near the copper mines in Arizona
Slide 24
Location of Beer Breweries Beer brewing is a bulk-gaining
industry that needs to be located near consumers. Breweries of the
two largest brewers are located near major consumers. Breweries of
the two largest brewers are located near major population centers.
population centers.
Slide 25
Why Are Situation Factors Important? Ship, rail, truck, or air?
The farther something is transported, the lower the cost per
km/mile Cost decreases at different rates for each of the four
modes Truck = most often for short-distance travel Train = used to
ship longer distances (1 day +) Ship = slow, but very low cost per
km/mile Air = most expensive, but very fast
Slide 26
Why Are Site Factors Important? Labor The most important site
factor Labor-intensive industries Examples: textiles Textile and
apparel spinning Textile and apparel weaving Textile and apparel
assembly
Slide 27
Cotton Yarn Production Production of cotton yarn from fiber is
clustered in major cotton growing countries, including the U.S.,
China, India, Pakistan, and Russia.
Slide 28
Woven Cotton Fabric Production Production of woven cotton
fabric is labor intensive and is likely to be located in LDCs.
China and India account for over 75% of world production.
Slide 29
Production of Womens Blouses Sewing cotton fabric into womens
blouses is more likely to be located near customers in MDCs, but
much production now located near customers in MDCs, but much
production now occurs in LDCs. occurs in LDCs.
Slide 30
Why Are Site Factors Important? Land Rural sites Environmental
factors Capital $$$
Slide 31
Site Selection for Saturn GM considered a variety of economic
and of economic and geographic factors geographic factors when it
searched for a site for producing the site for producing the new
Saturn in 1985. new Saturn in 1985. The plant was The plant was
eventually located in Spring Hill, TN. Spring Hill, TN.
Slide 32
Why Are Location Factors Changing? Attraction of new industrial
regions Changing industrial distribution within MDCs Interregional
shift within the United States Right-to-work laws Textile
production Interregional shifts in Europe Convergence shifts
Competitive and employment regions
Slide 33
Changing U.S. Manufacturing
Slide 34
Manufacturers of Mens and Womens Socks and Hosiery Hosiery
manufacturers usually locate near a low-cost labor force, low-cost
labor force, such as found in the such as found in the southeastern
U.S.
Slide 35
European Union Structural Funds Manufacturing has diffused from
traditional industrial centers in NW Europe toward Southern and
Eastern Europe. European government policies have encouraged this
industrial relocation. The EU provides assistance to what it calls
convergence regions and competitive and employment regions. Central
Europe offers manufacturers an attractive combination of two
important site and situation factors labor and market proximity. EU
Structural Funds. The EU provides subsidies in regions with
economic difficulties because of declining industries, as well as
to regions that have lower-than-average incomes.
Slide 36
Why Are Location Factors Changing? Attraction of new industrial
regions International shifts in industry East Asia one the of the
worlds three major industrial regions. Rapid industrial growth; In
addition to China and Japan, also includes S. Korea (worlds leading
producer of lrg container ships (international trade) Leading
producer of steel and fabricated metal products. South Asia Led by
India, one of the fastest-growing economies among lrg countries.
Textiles dominant industrial sector; motor vehicle production is
growing; important ctr for business services. Latin America nearest
low-wage region to the US. Maquiladora plants located in northern
Mexico - shipping is lower to US from Mexico than any other LDC.
Brazil leading industrial country in Latin America; industries
clustered around two large cities in the SE part of Brazil.
Slide 37
Newly Industrialized China major industrial growth after 1950
Industrialization in the 1960s was state-planned: (Why?)
Industrialization in the 1960s was state-planned: (Why?) Focused
on: Northeast District Shanghai and Chang District Shanghai and
Chang District Today, industrialization is spurred by companies
that move productions (not the whole company) to take advantage of
Chinese labor and special economic zones (SEZs) Today,
industrialization is spurred by companies that move productions
(not the whole company) to take advantage of Chinese labor and
special economic zones (SEZs) BRICs Brazil, Russia, India, China,
South Africa
Slide 38
As Chinas economy continues to grow, old neighborhoods (right)
are destroyed to make room for new buildings (below). Beijing,
China
Slide 39
Changing distributions Modern Production Outsourcing - moving
individual steps in the production process (of a good or a service)
to a supplier, who focuses their production and offers a cost
savings. http://www.metatube.com/en/videos/10420/The-
Simpsons-India-Outsourcing/
http://www.metatube.com/en/videos/10420/The-
Simpsons-India-Outsourcing/ Offshore Outsourced work that is
located outside of the country.
Slide 40
World Steel Production Since the 1980s, all the worlds increase
in steel production has been in LDCs. China has had the greatest
increase.
Slide 41
Global Production Steel production has generally declined in
MDCs and increased in LDCs, especially in China, India, Brazil, and
South Korea
Slide 42
Apparel Production and Jobs in the U S Apparel production and
jobs in the US. The number of jobs in the apparel industry has
declined sharply in the US since the 1990s. Not by coincidence, the
% of everyday clothing accounted for by domestic production has
decreased sharply, replaced with imports.
Slide 43
Why Are Location Factors Changing? Renewed attraction of
traditional industrial regions Proximity to skilled labor Fordist,
or mass production Post-Fordist, or lean production Just-in-time
delivery
Slide 44
Post-Fordist Fordist dominant mode of mass production during
the twentieth century, production of consumer goods at a single
site. Fordist dominant mode of mass production during the twentieth
century, production of consumer goods at a single site.
Post-Fordist current mode of production with a more flexible set of
production practices in which goods are not mass produced.
Production is accelerated and dispersed around the globe by
multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing it
around the world. Post-Fordist current mode of production with a
more flexible set of production practices in which goods are not
mass produced. Production is accelerated and dispersed around the
globe by multinational companies that shift production, outsourcing
it around the world.
Slide 45
Time-Space Compression Through improvements in transportation
and communications technologies, many places in the world are more
connected than ever before.
Slide 46
Time-Space Compression Just-in-time delivery Just-in-time
delivery rather than keeping a large inventory of components or
product, companies keep just what they need for short-term
production and new parts are shipped quickly when needed. Two
issues can result from reliance on just-in- time delivery: labor
unrest and Acts of God Global division of labor Global division of
labor corporations can draw from labor around the globe for
different components of production corporations can draw from labor
around the globe for different components of production This labor
can be skilled or unskilled.
Slide 47
Electronic Computing Manufacturing Computer and parts
manufacturing requires highly skilled workers and capital. It is
clustered in the Northeast and the West Coast
Slide 48
Womens and Girls Cut and Sew Apparel Manufacturing Womens and
Girls cut and sew apparel and sew apparel Manufacturing requires
more skilled workers, and much manufacturing and much manufacturing
is still clustered in or is still clustered in or near New York
City.
Slide 49
Deindustrialization a process by which companies move
industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the
newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and
work through a period of high unemployment Abandoned street in
Liverpool, England, where the population has decreased by one-
third since deindustrialization.
Slide 50
Key Question What is the Service Economy, and Where are
Services Concentrated?
Slide 51
Service Economy Service Industry Service Industry Economic
activity associated with the provision of services such as
transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine
office-based jobs. Economic activity associated with the provision
of services such as transportation, banking, retailing, education,
and routine office-based jobs.
Slide 52
Geographical Dimensions of the Service Economy New influences
on Location: New influences on Location: - information technologies
- less tied to energy sources - market accessibility is more
relevant for some and less relevant for others because of some and
less relevant for others because of telecommunications.
telecommunications. - presence of Multinational Corporations
Slide 53
Wal-Mart Requires producers of goods to locate office in the
Bentonville, Arkansas (Wal-Marts headquarters) area in order to
negotiate deals with Wal-Mart. Proctor & Gamble put their
office in nearby Fayetteville, Arkansas. How does the presence of
these companies in the region change the regions economy and its
cultural landscape ?
Slide 54
Nike Headquartered in Beaverton, Oregon,. Nike has never
produced a shoe in Oregon. Beginning in the 1960s, Nike contracted
with an Asian firm to produce its shoes. Skopje, Macedonia The
swoosh is ubiquitous, but where is the shoe produced? Nike has a
global network of international manufacturing and sales
Slide 55
High Technology Corridors An area designated by local or state
government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology
infrastructure with the goal of providing high- technology jobs to
the local population. An area designated by local or state
government to benefit from lower taxes and high-technology
infrastructure with the goal of providing high- technology jobs to
the local population. eg. Silicon Valley, California Technopole an
area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a
synergy among technological companies occurs. Technopole an area
planned for high technology where agglomeration built on a synergy
among technological companies occurs. eg. Route 128 corridor in
Boston
Slide 56
Plano-Richardson, Texas Telecom Corridor is just north of
Dallas
Slide 57
What majors are most popular at the college or university you
will be attending? What majors are most popular at the college or
university you will be attending? Consider what service/high-
technology corridors may already exist near that college or
university. Consider what service/high- technology corridors may
already exist near that college or university. Propose (where, why,
how) a new service/high-technology corridor for your region based
on what that college/university has to offer the industry. Propose
(where, why, how) a new service/high-technology corridor for your
region based on what that college/university has to offer the
industry.
Slide 58
Up Next: Exam Chapters 9 - 11 Read Chapter 8 Then - Then -
Political Geography