Byzantines, Russians, Byzantines, Russians, and Turksand Turks

Unit 2Unit 2

Chapter 11Chapter 11

I. Rise of Byzantine EmpireI. Rise of Byzantine Empire

A.A. Communications cause separationCommunications cause separation

B.B. Justinian succeeds throneJustinian succeeds throne1.1. Absolute powerAbsolute power

2.2. Justinian CodeJustinian Code

Justinian CodeJustinian Code

1.1. Code: 5,000 Roman LawsCode: 5,000 Roman Laws

2.2. Digest: summarized opinions of Rome’s Digest: summarized opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkersgreatest legal thinkers

3.3. Institutes: textbook that told law students Institutes: textbook that told law students how to use the lawshow to use the laws

4.4. Novellae (New Laws): legislation passed Novellae (New Laws): legislation passed after 534.after 534.

II. JustinianII. Justinian

A.A. Achievements:Achievements:1.1. Public buildingsPublic buildings

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia Baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, & hospitalsBaths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, & hospitals

2.2. Greco-roman cultureGreco-roman culture

B.B. Life in ConstantinopleLife in Constantinople1.1. ““Middle Way”: Middle Way”: MeseMese

2.2. HippodromeHippodrome

3.3. Nika RebellionNika Rebellion

III. Byzantine Empire CollapsesIII. Byzantine Empire Collapses

A.A. Multiple setbacksMultiple setbacks Crisis after crisisCrisis after crisis

B.B. Justinian dies (556 A.D.)Justinian dies (556 A.D.)

C.C. Attacks from the East and West; Attacks from the East and West; eventually taken over by the eventually taken over by the Ottoman TurksOttoman Turks

IV. Christian Church DividesIV. Christian Church Divides

A.A. Differences in developmentDifferences in developmentB.B. Icons banned (by Emperor Leo III in Icons banned (by Emperor Leo III in

the East, Theodora restores them)the East, Theodora restores them)C.C. Pope orders excommunication of Pope orders excommunication of

LeoLeoD.D. PopePope and and PatriarchPatriarch excommunicateexcommunicate

each othereach otherE.E. Christian Church officially splits Christian Church officially splits

Church Divides (cont’d)Church Divides (cont’d)

Roman Catholic Roman Catholic (West):(West):

1.1. LatinLatin

2.2. PopePope most most powerfulpowerful

3.3. Officials not Officials not allowed to marryallowed to marry

4.4. Divorce prohibitedDivorce prohibited

Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodox (East):(East):

1.1. GreekGreek

2.2. PatriarchPatriarch

3.3. Emperors most Emperors most powerfulpowerful

4.4. Allowed to marryAllowed to marry

5.5. Divorce allowedDivorce allowed

Church Divides (cont’d)Church Divides (cont’d)

F.F. Same beliefs:Same beliefs: Faith based on gospelFaith based on gospel Use sacramentsUse sacraments Priests and bishops leadPriests and bishops lead Seek to convert peopleSeek to convert people

2 successful missionaries (St. Methodius 2 successful missionaries (St. Methodius and St. Cyril; east) invent alphabet: and St. Cyril; east) invent alphabet: Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabet

– Many Slavic languages, including Russian, Many Slavic languages, including Russian, are written in this alphabet are written in this alphabet

V. Russian RootsV. Russian Roots

A. Trade increased interactions between Byzantium and Northern neighbors (Slavs.) This blend created Russian culture.

B. Ural Mountains: 1st unified territory

C. King Rurik: Viking chief made king Founded Novgorod 862 CE (1st important

city)

VI. KievVI. Kiev

• A city on Dnieper River—

easy access to Constantinople Slavs and Vikings intermarry;

line b/w Slavs and Vikings disappears

• Vladimir (980 CE)– Brought Christianity to Russia – Sent out teams to observe

several religions

Kiev (cont’d)Kiev (cont’d)

• Yaroslav the Wise:– 1019; came to power– Great glory– Skillfully married off daughters to kings of Western

Europe– Legal code– 1st library– Christianity prospered– After his death, divided realm among sons; led to

separations and the decline of Kiev

VII. MongolsVII. Mongols

A. Genghis Khan Destroy Kiev Very savage and brutal Demand lots of money and

massive obedience (isolated Russia)

B. Alexander Nevsky– Novgorod’s Prince and military hero;

advised cooperation with Mongols

VIII. Russia’s IndependenceVIII. Russia’s Independence

A. Moscow founded 1. Volga River2. Dnieper River3. Don River

w/ control of rivers came control of Russia

B. Ivan I1. Gained Mongol favor2. Moved Patriarch to Moscow (gave

city prestige, and created an ally in the church)

3. Enlarged territory

Russian Independence (cont’d)Russian Independence (cont’d)

C. Ivan III (czar)1. Challenged Mongol rule

2. Gained independence from Mongols Bloodless standoff at Ugra River

3. Wanted Russia to be the “Third Rome”

IX. Rise of the TurksIX. Rise of the Turks

A.A. Turks overthrow Abbasids (Muslims)Turks overthrow Abbasids (Muslims)

B.B. Seljuk Dynasty takes over; 1055 CESeljuk Dynasty takes over; 1055 CE• Defeat Byzantium; take over Baghdad Defeat Byzantium; take over Baghdad

C.C. Turks gain Persian supportTurks gain Persian support• Persian served as vizier: prime ministerPersian served as vizier: prime minister• Malik Shah: most famous Seljuk Malik Shah: most famous Seljuk

sultanssultans• Beautified IsfahanBeautified Isfahan

X. Seljuk Empire FallsX. Seljuk Empire Falls

• Malik Shah died 1092; no one capable Malik Shah died 1092; no one capable to replace himto replace him

• Pope Urban II launches 1Pope Urban II launches 1stst CrusadeCrusade: : religious wars between Christians and religious wars between Christians and MuslimsMuslims

• Called Christians to drive out Turks from Called Christians to drive out Turks from Anatolia and recover JerusalemAnatolia and recover Jerusalem

• 1099: Christians captured Jerusalem and 1099: Christians captured Jerusalem and massacred its Jewish and Muslim massacred its Jewish and Muslim inhabitantsinhabitants

Crusades (cont’d)Crusades (cont’d)

Eventually, Saladin (Muslim) recovered Eventually, Saladin (Muslim) recovered Jerusalem Jerusalem Richard I of England signs truce which gave Richard I of England signs truce which gave

Jerusalem to Muslims but granted Christians Jerusalem to Muslims but granted Christians access to holy placesaccess to holy places

More crusades called forMore crusades called for

Mongols (1200 CE) take Baghdad; huge Mongols (1200 CE) take Baghdad; huge empire; manage it poorly; Ottomans take empire; manage it poorly; Ottomans take overover