11CHAPTER

1.1 A New View of Earth

1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheres

1.3 Cycles and the Earth

CHAPTER OUTLINECHAPTER OUTLINE

Earth as a System EXIT CHAPTER

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

Technological advances and environmental

incidents have encouraged scientists to look at

Earth as a system. This new view of Earth is called

Earth system science.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY

A system is a type of model that allows scientists to

study a process or phenomenon with time as a

variable.

1.1 A New View of Earth

Earth system science

model

system

closed system

open system

Closed System Open System

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

Because it exchanges little matter with its

surroundings, Earth is an essentially closed system.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY

Earth system science helps scientists understand the

human impact on Earth.

1.1 A New View of Earth

Energy from the sun Energy

reflected to space

Hydrogen sometimes escapes Earth’s atmosphere

Meteorites sometimes enter Earth’s atmosphere

Earth system science

model

system

closed system

open system

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

The Earth system includes four spheres: the

atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheresatmosphere

geosphere

hydrosphere

biosphere

Geosphere Hydrosphere

Biosphere

Atmosphere

Rock formations can result from interactions among the four spheres.

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope

surrounding Earth.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY1.2 The Earth System’s Four Spheres

The geosphere consists of all the

physical features on Earth except water. Earth’s

water makes up the hydrosphere.

Living things, including

plants, animals, and

people, make up the

biosphere.

atmosphere

geosphere

hydrosphere

biosphere

The

spheres interact and

change constantly.

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

All water on Earth is continually moving through the

water cycle, which includes evaporation, transpiration

(evapotranspiration), and precipitation.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth

cycle

water cycle

evapotranspiration

carbon cycle

energy cycle

solar energy

geothermal energy

tidal energy

Condensation

Precipitation

EvaporationEvaporation

Runoff

Runoff

Groundwater

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

A biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of an

element, such as carbon, through the four spheres of

the Earth system.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth

Forest fires add CO2 to the atmosphere.

Burning fossil fuels releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

Volcanoes add CO2 to the atmosphere.

Humans and other animals exhale CO2.

Carbon compounds can be stored in and release from the ocean.

cycle

water cycle

evapotranspiration

carbon cycle

energy cycle

solar energy

geothermal energy

tidal energy

CHAPTER HOMEEarth as a System

The energy cycle of the Earth system has three main

energy sources: solar energy, geothermal energy,

and tidal energy.

11CHAPTER

SECTION OUTLINESECTION OUTLINE

VOCABULARY1.3 Cycles and the Earth

Human activity can have an impact on the

interactions of Earth’s cycles.

Sources of Earth’s Energy

Type of Energy

% of Total Energy

Solar

99.895

Geothermal

0.013

Tidal

0.002

cycle

water cycle

evapotranspiration

carbon cycle

energy cycle

solar energy

geothermal energy

tidal energy

Earth as a System11CHAPTER

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the CHAPTER HOME button or exit the presentation.

CHAPTER HOME