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Chapter 11. The Cardiovascular System. Introduction. The cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood Sends blood to Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-1
The Cardiovascular SystemThe Cardiovascular System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-2
Introduction The cardiovascular system consists of heart,
blood vessels, and blood
Sends blood to Lungs for oxygen Digestive system for nutrients
CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Functions of the Heart
Generating blood pressure
Routing blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
Ensuring one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow
Regulating blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match blood
delivery to changing metabolic needs
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-4
The Heart: Structures
Cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist
In the mediastinum Extends from the level
of the second rib to about the level of the sixth rib
Slightly left of the midline
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-5
The Heart: Structures (cont.)
Heart is bordered: Laterally by the lungs Posteriorly by the vertebral
column Anteriorly by the sternum
Rests on the diaphragm inferiorly
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Size, Shape, Location of the Heart
Size of a closed fistShape
Apex: Blunt rounded point at the bottom pointing towards left hip.Base: Flat part at opposite of end of cone
Located in thoracic cavity in mediastinum
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved7
Coverings of the Heart: Anatomy
Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of:
1. A superficial fibrous pericardium2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the heart
They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity that helps to minimize friction during heart beats.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved8
Pericardial Layers of the Heart
Figure 18.2
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27-9
The Heart: Structures (cont.)
Heart walls: Epicardium (visceral layer)
Outermost layer Fat to cushion heart
Myocardium Middle layer Primarily cardiac muscle Actually contracts
Endocardium Innermost layer Thin and smooth Stretches as the heart pumps
Click for Larger View
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27-11
The Heart: Structures (cont.)
Four chambers Two atria
Upper chambers Left and right Separated by
interatrial septum
Two ventricles Lower chambers Left and right Separated by
interventricular septum
Click for View of
Heart
Atrioventricular septum separates the atria from the ventricles
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27-13
The Heart: Structures (cont.)
Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle
Click for View of
Heart
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Location of Heart Valves
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Heart Valves
27-15
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27-16
The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenated blood in from
bodyOxygenated
blood in lungs
Atria Contract Ventricles Contract
Deoxygenated blood out to lungs
Oxygenated blood out to
body
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27-17
The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
BicuspidValve
Left Ventricle
PulmonaryValve
TricuspidValve
AorticSemilunar
Valve
LungsBody
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Systemic and PulmonaryCirculation
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved19
Myocardial Thickness and Function
Thickness of myocardium varies according to the function of the chamber
Atria are thin walled, deliver blood to adjacent ventriclesVentricle walls are much thicker and stronger
right ventricle supplies blood to the lungs (little flow resistance) left ventricle wall is the thickest to supply systemic circulation
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved20
Thickness of Cardiac Walls
Myocardium of left ventricle is much thicker than the right.
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Pathway of Blood Through the Heart and Lungs
Figure 18.5
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27-23
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Right atrium contracts Tricuspid valve opens Blood fills right ventricle
Right ventricle contracts Tricuspid valve closes Pulmonary semilunar valve
opens Blood flows into pulmonary
artery
Left atrium contracts Bicuspid valve opens Blood fills left ventricle
Left ventricle contracts Bicuspid valve closes Aortic semilunar valve
opens Blood pushed into aorta
One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle Atria contract and relax Ventricles contract and relax
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Cardiac Cycle
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27-25
The Heart: Cardiac Cycle (cont.)
Influenced by Exercise Parasympathetic nerves Sympathetic nerves Cardiac control center Body temperature Potassium ions Calcium ions
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27-26
The Heart: Heart Sounds One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb)
when valves in the heart snap shut Lubb – First sound
When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
Dubb – Second sound When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves
snap shut
Third heart sound (occasional) Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and detected near end of first
one-third of diastole
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27-27
The Heart: Cardiac Conduction System Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart
Sinoatrial node (SA node) Wall of right atrium Generates impulse Natural pacemaker Sends impulse to AV node
Atrioventricular node (AV node) Between atria just above ventricles Atria contract Sends impulse to the bundle of His
Bundle of His Between ventricles Two branches Sends impulse to Purkinje
fibers
Purkinje fibers Lateral walls of ventricles Ventricles contract
Link to Diagram
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Electrocardiogram
Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured
Pattern P wave
Atria depolarization QRS complex
Ventricle depolarization
Atria repolarization T wave:
Ventricle repolarization
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Heart Excitation Related to ECG
Figure 18.17
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Cardiac Arrhythmias
Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5% during
respiratory cycle and up to 30% during deep respiration
Premature atrial contractions: Occasional shortened intervals between one contraction and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy people
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Alterations in Electrocardiogram
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Events during Cardiac Cycle
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Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Average blood pressure in aorta MAP=CO x PR
CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per minute CO=SV x HR
SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute
Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and maximum CO
PR is total resistance against which blood must be pumped
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedChapter 18, Cardiovascular System
35
Cardiac Output: Example
CO (ml/min) = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat)
CO = 5250 ml/min (5.25 L/min)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-36
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-37
Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles Strongest of the
blood vessels Carry blood away
from the heart Under high pressure
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
Arterioles Small branches of
arteries Aorta
Takes blood from the heart to the body
Coronary arteries Supply blood to heart
muscle
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27-38
Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules Blood under no pressure in
veins
Does not move very easily
Skeletal muscle contractions help move blood
Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure
Valves prevent backflow
Venules
Small vessels formed when capillaries merge
Superior and inferior vena cava
Largest veins
Carry blood into right atrium
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27-39
Blood Vessels: Capillaries
Branches of arterioles
Smallest type of blood vessel
Connect arterioles to venules
Only about one cell layer thick
Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell
Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-41
Apply Your KnowledgeMatch the following:
__ Tricuspid valve A. Two branches; sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
__ Bicuspid valve B. Covering of the heart and aorta
__ Pericardium C. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle
__ SA node D. In the lateral walls of ventricles
__ Bundle of His E. Natural pacemaker
__ Purkinje fibers F. Between the left atrium and the left ventricle D
A
E
B
F
CANSWER:
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-42
Apply Your Knowledge
How do arteries control blood pressure?
ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to decrease blood pressure.
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Gross Anatomy of
Circulatory System
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedChapter 18, Cardiovascular System
44
Coronary Circulation Coronary circulation is the functional blood
supply to the heart muscle itself Collateral routes ensure blood delivery to
heart even if major vessels are occluded
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved45
Coronary Circulation: Arterial Supply
Figure 18.7a
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedChapter 18, Cardiovascular System
46
Coronary Circulation: Venous Supply
Figure 18.7b
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Circle of Willis = Cerebral Arterial Circle
= Ring of vessels surrounding pituitary gland - supplies cerebrum and cerebellum
Brain can receive blood from carotids or vertebrals (significance?)
v
ic
Fig 22.13
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Circle of Willis
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Fig 22.9
Right ventricle into pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to lungs
Return by way of 4 pulmonary veins to left atrium
Pulmonary Circuit
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedFigure 21-20
Major Systemic Arteries
The Systemic CircuitContains 84% of blood volumeSupplies entire body: except for pulmonary circuitSupplies entire body:
except for
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Systemic Arteries
Blood moves from left ventricle: into ascending aorta
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The Aorta The ascending aorta:
rises from the left ventricle curves to form aortic arch turns downward to become descending aorta
Branches of the Aortic Arch deliver blood to head and neck: brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid artery left subclavian artery
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
The Common Carotid Arteries Carry blood to head and neck Each common carotid divides into:
external carotid artery-Supplies structures of: Neck, lower jaw, face
internal carotid artery-Enters skull and divides into: opthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Brachiocephalictrunk1
Left commoncarotid
Left subclavian3
2
Aortic ArchAortic Arch
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Descending aorta• thoracic aorta• abdominal aorta
Abdominal aorta
Common iliac
External iliac
Femoral
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The Abdominal Aorta Divides at terminal segment of the aorta into:
left common iliac artery right common iliac artery
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Descending Aorta - Thoracic Area
Bronchial arteries - supply bronchi and lungs
Pericardial arteries - supply pericardium
Mediastinal arteries - supply mediatinal structures
Esophageal arteries - supply esophagus
Paired intercostal arteries- thoracic wall
Superior phrenic arteries - supply diaphragm
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Descending Aorta - Abdominal Area
Celiac trunck - 3 branches – to liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and spleen
Superior mesenteric– to pancreas and duodenum, small intestine and colon
Paired suprarenal - to adrenal glands
Paired renal – to kidneys
Paired gonadal – to testes or ovaries
Inferior mesenteric – to terminal colon and rectum
Paired lumbar – to body wall Fig 22.17
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedFigure 21-27
Major Systemic Veins
All Systemic VeinsDrain into either:
Superior vena cava (SVC) or Inferior vena cava (IVC)
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The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) Returns blood to the heart from:
head neck chest shoulders upper limbs
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Veins of the Neck Temporal and maxillary veins:
drain to external jugular vein Facial vein:
drains to internal jugular vein
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27-62
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27-63
Dural Sinuses In The Cranium
Superior sagittalsinusFalx cerebri
Inferior sagittalsinusStraight sinusCavernous sinusJunction of sinusesTransverse sinuses
Jugular foramen
(b)
Right internaljugular vein
Sigmoid sinus
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The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Returns blood to the heart from:
Regions inferior to the diaphram
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27-66
Dissection of the posterior abdominal wall
Diaphragm
Right Left
Inferiorvena cava
Hepaticveins
Renal veins
Commoniliac veins
Abdominalaorta
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reservedFigure 21-33a
Placental Blood Supply
Blood flows to the placenta:through a pair of umbilical arterieswhich arise from internal iliac arteries and enter umbilical cord
Blood returns from placenta:in a single umbilical veinwhich drains into ductus venosus
Ductus venosus:empties into inferior vena cava
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Atrial Septal Defect Present at birth Treated naturally
Surgery Or catheterization
68
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Treatment of patent foramen oval aka “Atrial Septal Defect”
27-69
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved70
Ventricular Septal Defect
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
UNDERSTANDING YOURUNDERSTANDING YOURBLOOD PRESSUREBLOOD PRESSURE
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
NEW RESEARCH STATES…NEW RESEARCH STATES…
So…high blood pressure is a condition that most people So…high blood pressure is a condition that most people will have at some point in their lives.will have at some point in their lives.
that at age 55 or older, those who do not have that at age 55 or older, those who do not have high blood pressure have a 90% chance of high blood pressure have a 90% chance of developing it during their lifetimes.developing it during their lifetimes.
1 in 3 American adults have high blood pressure1 in 3 American adults have high blood pressure
““Silent Killer”Silent Killer”65 million adults have high blood pressure in this country.65 million adults have high blood pressure in this country.
What Is Blood Pressure?What Is Blood Pressure?
Blood pressureBlood pressure is is the force of blood the force of blood pushing against pushing against
the arteries.the arteries.
Blood is carried to Blood is carried to all parts of your all parts of your body in vessels body in vessels called arteries.called arteries.
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
Each time the heart beats Each time the heart beats (about 60-70 times a (about 60-70 times a
minute at rest), it pumps minute at rest), it pumps out blood into the arteries. out blood into the arteries.
What Is Blood Pressure?What Is Blood Pressure?
Your blood pressure is at Your blood pressure is at its highest when the heart its highest when the heart beats, pumping the blood.beats, pumping the blood.
When the heart is When the heart is at rest, between at rest, between
beats, your blood beats, your blood pressure falls.pressure falls.
Your blood pressure is always given as these two numbers Your blood pressure is always given as these two numbers with one above or before the other.with one above or before the other.
This is called This is called SYSTOLICSYSTOLIC pressure. pressure.120/120/To
p
num
ber
8080This is calledThis is called DIASTOLIC DIASTOLIC pressure.pressure.
Bottom number
http://www.hsfpe.org/
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
CategoryCategorySystolicSystolic
(Top Number)(Top Number)
DiastolicDiastolic
(Bottom Number)(Bottom Number)
NormalNormal Less than 120Less than 120 Less than 80Less than 80
What Is Normal Blood Pressure?What Is Normal Blood Pressure?
““Normal” blood pressure is when both Normal” blood pressure is when both numbers arenumbers are lower lower than 120/80. than 120/80.
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
““Prehypertension”Prehypertension”
This category was created to alert people to their risk of developing This category was created to alert people to their risk of developing high blood pressure so they could make lifestyle changes that may high blood pressure so they could make lifestyle changes that may
help to avoid developing this condition.help to avoid developing this condition.
Which of the Which of the following blood following blood
pressure readings are pressure readings are considered considered
“prehypertensive”?“prehypertensive”?
80-8980-89120-139120-139PrehypertensionPrehypertension
138/82138/82 128/89128/89118/78118/78
Top NumberTop Number Bottom NumberBottom Number
NEW!!!
NEW!!!
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
If your blood pressure is in the prehypertensive range:If your blood pressure is in the prehypertensive range:
It means that you don’t have high blood pressure now, It means that you don’t have high blood pressure now, but you are likely to develop it in the future.but you are likely to develop it in the future.
Unless you take Unless you take ACTIONACTION to prevent it! to prevent it!
““Prehypertension”Prehypertension”
PrehypertensionPrehypertension 120-139120-139 80-8980-89
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
What Is High Blood Pressure?What Is High Blood Pressure?When blood pressure stays elevated over a long period of When blood pressure stays elevated over a long period of time it is called time it is called high bloodhigh blood pressure or “ pressure or “hypertensionhypertension”.”.
High blood pressure is dangerous because High blood pressure is dangerous because it makes the heart work too hard and it makes the heart work too hard and
contributes to hardening of the arteries contributes to hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis). (atherosclerosis).
http://diseases-explained.com/
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
What Is High Blood Pressure?What Is High Blood Pressure?
A blood pressure of A blood pressure of 140/90140/90 is considered high blood pressure. is considered high blood pressure.
High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure SystolicSystolic DiastolicDiastolic
Stage 1Stage 1 140-159140-159 90-9990-99
Stage 2Stage 2 160 or higher160 or higher 100 or higher100 or higher
““Hypertension”Hypertension”
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure
Warning Signs:Warning Signs:
1.2.3.4.““Silent Killer”
Silent Killer”
““Silent Killer”
Silent Killer”
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
Why Is High Blood Pressure Important?Why Is High Blood Pressure Important?
Increases your risk for :Increases your risk for :
Heart disease & StrokeHeart disease & Stroke – –Heart disease & StrokeHeart disease & Stroke – – the the 1st1st and and 3rd3rd leading causes of leading causes of death for Americans.death for Americans.
the the 1st1st and and 3rd3rd leading causes of leading causes of death for Americans.death for Americans.
If left uncontrolled, high blood pressure can also cause:If left uncontrolled, high blood pressure can also cause:
Heart failureHeart failure
Heart AttackHeart Attack
Kidney diseaseKidney disease
BlindnessBlindness
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
What can high blood pressure do to your body?What can high blood pressure do to your body?
Heart AttackHeart Attack
High blood pressure is a High blood pressure is a major risk factor for major risk factor for
heart attack. The heart attack. The arteries bring oxygen-arteries bring oxygen-carrying blood to the carrying blood to the heart muscle. If the heart muscle. If the
heart cannot get enough heart cannot get enough oxygen, chest pain, can oxygen, chest pain, can
occur. If the flow of occur. If the flow of blood is blocked, a heart blood is blocked, a heart
attack results.attack results.
BlindnessBlindnessHigh blood pressure can High blood pressure can eventually cause blood eventually cause blood
vessels in the eye to burst or vessels in the eye to burst or bleed. Vision may become bleed. Vision may become
blurred or otherwise impaired blurred or otherwise impaired and can result in blindness.and can result in blindness.
Kidney diseaseKidney diseaseKidneys act as filters to Kidneys act as filters to rid the body of waste. rid the body of waste.
High blood pressure can High blood pressure can narrow and thicken the narrow and thicken the
blood vessels of the blood vessels of the kidneys. The kidneys kidneys. The kidneys
filter less fluid and waste filter less fluid and waste builds up in the blood. builds up in the blood. The kidneys may fail The kidneys may fail
altogether.altogether.
High blood pressure is the most High blood pressure is the most important risk factor for stroke. Very important risk factor for stroke. Very high pressure can cause a break in a high pressure can cause a break in a weakened blood vessel, which then weakened blood vessel, which then bleeds in the brain. This can cause a bleeds in the brain. This can cause a stroke. If a blood clot blocks one of stroke. If a blood clot blocks one of
the narrowed arteries, it can also the narrowed arteries, it can also cause a stroke. cause a stroke.
StrokeStroke
As people get older, As people get older, arteries throughout the arteries throughout the
body "harden," body "harden," especially those in the especially those in the
heart, brain, and heart, brain, and kidneys. High blood kidneys. High blood
pressure is associated pressure is associated with these "stiffer" with these "stiffer"
arteries. This, in turn, arteries. This, in turn, causes the heart and causes the heart and
kidneys to work harder.kidneys to work harder.
ArteriesArteries
Heart failureHeart failure
The heart is unable to pump enough blood to supply the body's
needs.
Source: Your Guide To Lowering Blood Pressure, www.nhlbi.nih.govc
The Good News is…The Good News is…You can take action to prevent getting high blood pressure You can take action to prevent getting high blood pressure
or take steps to control it!or take steps to control it!
See your doctor for regular blood pressure check upsSee your doctor for regular blood pressure check ups
Maintaining a healthy weightMaintaining a healthy weight
Get physically activeGet physically active
Eat a healthy diet rich in Eat a healthy diet rich in vegetables and fruits, and low vegetables and fruits, and low fat dairy foodsfat dairy foodsChoose and prepare foods with less saltChoose and prepare foods with less salt
If you drink alcoholic beverages, drink If you drink alcoholic beverages, drink in moderationin moderation
If you smoke, think about quittingIf you smoke, think about quitting
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Factors that affect Blood Pressure
1. Neural factors: Sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction or narrowing of blood vessels.
2. Kidneys: release renin which triggers angiotensin a potent vasoconstrictor.
3. Temperature: Cold is vasoconstricting Heat is the opposite.
4. Chemicals: Medication, nicotine, alcohol
5. Diet: salt, fat, and cholesterol balance
27-84
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-85
Blood Pressure Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels
Highest in arteries Lowest in veins
Systolic pressure Ventricles contract Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries
Diastolic pressure Ventricles relax Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest
Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-86
Blood Pressure (cont.)
Control is based mainly on the amount of blood pumped out of the heart
The amount of blood entering should equal the amount pumped from the heart
Starling's law of the heart Blood entering the left ventricle stretches the wall of the ventricle The more the wall is stretched
The harder it will contract and The more blood it will pump out
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-87
Apply Your Knowledge
What is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the contraction of the ventricles increasing the pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering the pressure in the arteries.
Good Answer!
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-88
Apply Your Knowledge
ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of oxygen or low levels of oxygen?
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-89
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Disease Description
Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to the body’s cells
Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the heart, including valves
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27-90
Disease Description
Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround the heart (pericardium)
Congestive Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s needs
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-91
Disease Description
Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of abnormal WBCs
Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a lack of blood supply
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
27-92
Disease Description
Sickle Cell Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in capillaries
Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved93
By-pass Graft
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved94
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
© 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved95
Artificial Heart