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Chapter 11. The French Revolution and Napoleon. Section 1: The French Revolution Begins. French population was divided into three orders (estates): 1 st Estate: consisted of clergy – were exempt from the taille (tax) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 11
Chapter 11
The French Revolution and Napoleon
Section 1: The French Revolution Begins
French population was divided into three orders (estates):1st
Estate: consisted of clergy were exempt from the taille (tax)2nd
Estate: consisted of the nobility held positions in the government,
military, courts, and higher church offices also exempt from the
taille
3rd Estate: consisted of the commoners (peasants, craftspeople,
shopkeepers, and bourgeoisie: merchants, bankers, lawyers, doctors,
etc) were forced to pay the taille, as well as pay a fee for use of
village facilities
Causes of the French Revolution:Aristocrats and bourgeoisie were
drawn to the ideas of EnlightenmentBad harvests led to food
shortages, rising prices for food, and unemploymentGovernment
continued to spend money on costly wars and court
luxuries
Estates-GeneralMade up of representatives from the three
estatesVoting was not equal between the estatesThe 3rd Estate
called itself a National Assembly and decided to draft a
constitution
On June20, 1789, the 3rd Estate arrived to their meeting place,
only to find it locked.They moved to a nearby tennis court and
promised to meet until they produced a French constitution. This
became known as the Tennis Court Oath.
King Louis XVI was prepared to use force against the 3rd
Estate.The common people stormed the Bastille (armory and prison)
and dismantled it brick by brick.Peasant rebellions took place
throughout France.
**end of notes**
On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly voted to abolish the
rights and financial privileges of the clergy and nobles.On August
26th they adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen.It was inspired by the American Declaration of
Independence.It proclaimed equal rights for all men, freedom of
speech and ended the tax exemptions.
King Louis XVI, who remained at Versailles, refused to accept
the National Assemblys declaration.A delegation of women met with
the king on October 5th to describe the horrible conditions their
children were suffering from.The king was forced to accept the new
decrees and to move back to Paris to show his support of the
National Assembly.The royal family became virtual prisoners in
Paris.
Church lands were seized and sold because of the need for
money.A new constitution was created the Constitution of 1791. It
set up a limited monarchy: there would still be a king but the
Legislative Assembly would make the laws.
King Louis XVI tried to flee France in June of 1791. He was
captured and brought back to Paris.The rulers of Austria and
Prussia were willing to use force to restore full power to the
king.The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in the Spring
of 1792.
Upset with the current conditions, radical political groups,
declared themselves a commune and organized a mob attack on the
royal palace and Legislative Assembly.They took the king captive
and took control of power from the National Assembly.
**end of notes**
Section2: Radical Revolution and Reaction
Under the communes control, the Legislative Assembly was forced to
call a National Convention to seek revenge on those who had helped
the king.Thousands of people were arrested and massacred.
On September 21, 1792, the National Convention abolished the
monarchy and established the French Republic.On January 21, 1793,
the king was beheaded.This causes an uproar with the royalty of
other countries.It marks the beginning of the period known as the
Reign of Terror.
The Reign of Terror was enacted to defend France from foreign
and domestic threats. It was led by Maximilien Robespierre who was
in charge of the Committee of Public Safety. Close to 40,000 people
would be killed during the Reign of Terror, including Marie
Antoinette.
Revolutionary armies were established to bring rebellious cities
back under control.In Lyon, 1,880 citizens were executed. (Some
were killed with the guillotine while others were killed with
grapeshot.)In Nantes, victims were executed by sinking barges into
the local river.
**end of notes**
Positive effects of the Revolution:A law aimed at primary
education for all was passed.Slavery was abolished.Price limits
were placed goods considered a necessity.
Other effects of the Revolution:The National Convention pursued
a policy of dechristianization:Saint was removed from street
namesChurches were closedPriests were encouraged to marryNew
calendar was adopted it would not be numbered based from the birth
of Jesus. Months were given new names also.
Tired of his control, the National Convention eventually
condemned Robespierre. He was guillotined on July 28, 1794.The
Reign of Terror came to an end.
In August of 1795, a new constitution was created that created
more stability.It established a national assembly consisting of two
houses:Lower house known as the Council of 500 initiated
legislationUpper house known as the Council of Elders accepted or
rejected the proposed laws
From 1795 1799, officials in the legislation were corrupt
leading people to another public outcry.In 1799, a coup d'tat
occurred under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte.
**end of notes**
Section 3: The Age of Napoleon
Napoleon was born in 1769.He quickly rose in rank in the French
military.He received his education in French military schools.He
became a lieutenant in the military in 1785.By the age of 24 he was
a brigadier general.In 1796, he was made a commander of the French
armies in Italy.
When the coup d'tat occurred, Napoleon was only 30.A consulate
was established as a new government.In 1802, Napoleon was made
consul for life. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon
I.
His most famous domestic achievement was his codification of the
laws.He condensed the 300 different legal systems into on seven
codes of law.After his grand army defeated the Austrian, Prussian,
and Russian armies, he was ready to create a new European
order.
Napoleon had hoped that his Grand Empire would last for
centuries. However, it collapsed for two reasons:Great
BritainNationalism
The downfall of Napoleon began with his invasion of Russia in
1812.The Russians retreated from the advancing French military,
burning their own villages and countryside to keep his army from
finding food.They retreated under terrible winter conditions,
killing most of the troops.
Napoleon was captured in March of 1814 and exiled to the island
of Elba.Monarchy was restored to France under King Louis
VXIIINapoleon escaped a year later, only to be recaptured and
exiled to St. Helena.
**end of notes**
*