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Chapter 10Chapter 10
The MediaThe Media
The party pressThe party press At first politicians created, sponsored
and controlled newspapers to further their interests
Circulation was small because of the slow printing press and expensive advertising costs
For these reasons only the political and commercial elite had access to newspapers
At first politicians created, sponsored and controlled newspapers to further their interests
Circulation was small because of the slow printing press and expensive advertising costs
For these reasons only the political and commercial elite had access to newspapers
The popular pressThe popular press The high speed rotary press enabled a mass
number of papers to be produced quickly and inexpensively
The telegraph enabled news to travel quickly from Washington D.C. to major cities
The Associated Press (AP) was created in 1848 allowing telegraphic dissemination of info to newspaper editors on a systematic basis
The high speed rotary press enabled a mass number of papers to be produced quickly and inexpensively
The telegraph enabled news to travel quickly from Washington D.C. to major cities
The Associated Press (AP) was created in 1848 allowing telegraphic dissemination of info to newspaper editors on a systematic basis
The popular press IIThe popular press II The Government Printing Office ended it’s
subsidies in 1860 Newspapers were no longer biased and did
not need the support from political figures They could soon support themselves with
money gained from buyers and people who advertised in the paper
They attracted their readers with sensationalism
The Government Printing Office ended it’s subsidies in 1860
Newspapers were no longer biased and did not need the support from political figures
They could soon support themselves with money gained from buyers and people who advertised in the paper
They attracted their readers with sensationalism
The popular press IIIThe popular press III
Yellow Journalism, which exaggerates news in order to attract readers, was developed around the turn of the century
Yellow Journalism, which exaggerates news in order to attract readers, was developed around the turn of the century
Magazines of opinionsMagazines of opinions The middle class started to favor new
progressive periodicals over newspapers Competitive city newspapers began to
decline due to more successful papers This caused sensationalism to decline Individual writers started to gain Nat'l
following for their investigative reporting Contrary to the earlier newspapers, today
only a fraction of our periodicals focus on politics
The middle class started to favor new progressive periodicals over newspapers
Competitive city newspapers began to decline due to more successful papers
This caused sensationalism to decline Individual writers started to gain Nat'l
following for their investigative reporting Contrary to the earlier newspapers, today
only a fraction of our periodicals focus on politics
Electronic JournalismElectronic Journalism Radio arrived in the 1920’s and t.v. in
the 1940’s These were ways for politicians to talk
directly to their audiences without news editors
The only downfall was that politicians can easily be ignored this way ( turning off the t.v., changing the radio station)
Radio arrived in the 1920’s and t.v. in the 1940’s
These were ways for politicians to talk directly to their audiences without news editors
The only downfall was that politicians can easily be ignored this way ( turning off the t.v., changing the radio station)
Electronic Journalism IIElectronic Journalism II The president always had a chance to
be on radio / t.v., whereas other politicians had to do something to draw attention to themselves
Talk shows have increased the chances for politicians to get on the radio / t.v.
The three big stations (ABC, CBS and NBC) dominated media coverage until 1990
The president always had a chance to be on radio / t.v., whereas other politicians had to do something to draw attention to themselves
Talk shows have increased the chances for politicians to get on the radio / t.v.
The three big stations (ABC, CBS and NBC) dominated media coverage until 1990
Electronic Journalism IIIElectronic Journalism III
In 1933 sound bites for the president were 42 seconds long, in 2000 they averaged about 7.3 seconds
However, lengthy time slots are given on talk shows, cable t.v. and on morning shows
Research has not shown whether or not these changes benefit or hurt candidates
In 1933 sound bites for the president were 42 seconds long, in 2000 they averaged about 7.3 seconds
However, lengthy time slots are given on talk shows, cable t.v. and on morning shows
Research has not shown whether or not these changes benefit or hurt candidates
The internetThe internet
A free market in political news because one can ban, control or regulate it.
Because of the internet voters and political activists can now talk to each other
A free market in political news because one can ban, control or regulate it.
Because of the internet voters and political activists can now talk to each other
Degree of competitionDegree of competition
Cities like Nyc, Boston, Atlanta,Philly, Washington, LA and Detroit have 2 main central city newspapers but most cities only have one
There are thousands of t.v. channels, radio stations and magazines that are geared toward a certain group of people
Cities like Nyc, Boston, Atlanta,Philly, Washington, LA and Detroit have 2 main central city newspapers but most cities only have one
There are thousands of t.v. channels, radio stations and magazines that are geared toward a certain group of people
Degree of competition IIDegree of competition II Newspaper circulation has been
decreasing since 1967, most people get their news from t.v. sources
Unlike European democracies, t.v. and radio stations are composed mostly of locally owned and managed enterprises
Radio and television stations have limitations placed on them by the FCC
Newspaper circulation has been decreasing since 1967, most people get their news from t.v. sources
Unlike European democracies, t.v. and radio stations are composed mostly of locally owned and managed enterprises
Radio and television stations have limitations placed on them by the FCC
The national media The national media The existence of the Nat'l media offsets
local orientation Even though local newspapers are
popular many papers are circulated around the whole country
The AP and United Press International supply most of the Nat'l news
The existence of the Nat'l media offsets local orientation
Even though local newspapers are popular many papers are circulated around the whole country
The AP and United Press International supply most of the Nat'l news
The national media IIThe national media II Magazines such as Time and Newsweek
had Nat'l readership T.v. networks that broadcast news
across the country are ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN , FOX, etc…
Newspapers with Nat'l readership include the Wallstreet Journal, Christian Science Monitor, and the USA today
Magazines such as Time and Newsweek had Nat'l readership
T.v. networks that broadcast news across the country are ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN , FOX, etc…
Newspapers with Nat'l readership include the Wallstreet Journal, Christian Science Monitor, and the USA today
The national media IIIThe national media III These national news sources are
significant because they are what officials in Washington pay attention to, they do not pay attention to local news
Nat’l Reporters and editors are different than locals in that: they’re better paid, come from more prestigious universities, have more liberal outlooks, write more investigative or interpretive stories
These national news sources are significant because they are what officials in Washington pay attention to, they do not pay attention to local news
Nat’l Reporters and editors are different than locals in that: they’re better paid, come from more prestigious universities, have more liberal outlooks, write more investigative or interpretive stories
Roles played by the Nat'l media
Roles played by the Nat'l media
Gatekeeper: they decide what becomes news and for how long
ex)auto-saftey, pollution, prescription drugs were not issues until the press began to publish about them
Scorekeeper: they keep up with what is going on
ex) presidential races, Iowa & NH
Gatekeeper: they decide what becomes news and for how long
ex)auto-saftey, pollution, prescription drugs were not issues until the press began to publish about them
Scorekeeper: they keep up with what is going on
ex) presidential races, Iowa & NH
Roles played by the Nat'l media II
Roles played by the Nat'l media II
Watchdog: they investigate personalities and expose scandals
ex) Watergate, Somalia This is a way for them to gain
respect from their colleagues and earn a lot of money
Watchdog: they investigate personalities and expose scandals
ex) Watergate, Somalia This is a way for them to gain
respect from their colleagues and earn a lot of money
Rules governing the mediaRules governing the media Newspapers Vs electronic media: The constitution says you cannot place
restrictions ahead of time on newspapers (only in very narrow circumstances), however you can punish afterward
Radio and t.v. networks are regulated. Both require licenses to air
Newspapers Vs electronic media: The constitution says you cannot place
restrictions ahead of time on newspapers (only in very narrow circumstances), however you can punish afterward
Radio and t.v. networks are regulated. Both require licenses to air
Rules governing the media IIRules governing the media II Confidentiality of Sources: Reporters want the right to keep their
sources confidential however many states and the federal government disagree with it
The supreme court allows gov’t to compel reporters to divulge info in court if it applies to a crime
Confidentiality of Sources: Reporters want the right to keep their
sources confidential however many states and the federal government disagree with it
The supreme court allows gov’t to compel reporters to divulge info in court if it applies to a crime
FCC licensingFCC licensing
7 yrs to renew for radio, 5 yrs for t.v.
FCC can regulate the content of what goes on the air
In recent years there has been a relaxation of the rules
7 yrs to renew for radio, 5 yrs for t.v.
FCC can regulate the content of what goes on the air
In recent years there has been a relaxation of the rules
Other t.v. and radio regulations
Other t.v. and radio regulations
Equal time rule-if a station sells to one candidate it must sell equal time to the opposing candidate
Right of reply rule- when a candidate is attacked, they can reply on the same station
Equal time rule-if a station sells to one candidate it must sell equal time to the opposing candidate
Right of reply rule- when a candidate is attacked, they can reply on the same station
Other t.v. and radio regulations II
Other t.v. and radio regulations II
Political editorializing rule- if a broadcaster endorses a candidate then the opposing has the right to reply
Fairness doctrine- broadcasters must give both views of controversial issues. FCC abolished this saying it inhibited free discussion of issues, however many voluntarily follow it
Political editorializing rule- if a broadcaster endorses a candidate then the opposing has the right to reply
Fairness doctrine- broadcasters must give both views of controversial issues. FCC abolished this saying it inhibited free discussion of issues, however many voluntarily follow it
CampaigningCampaigningDebates formally had to have all candidates
present, or else they were covered as a news event
Rates for campaigning can be no higher than the least expensive commercial rate ( for comparable time)
T.v. campaigning is most beneficial for presidential candidates
Debates formally had to have all candidates present, or else they were covered as a news event
Rates for campaigning can be no higher than the least expensive commercial rate ( for comparable time)
T.v. campaigning is most beneficial for presidential candidates
Media influences politics Media influences politics Newspapers usually endorse
Republicans locally and Democrats nationally
Conventions scheduled accordingly to be televised
Certain issues are benefited (ex- environmental & consumer) when a candidate is in the spot light because of press attention
Newspapers usually endorse Republicans locally and Democrats nationally
Conventions scheduled accordingly to be televised
Certain issues are benefited (ex- environmental & consumer) when a candidate is in the spot light because of press attention
Media and the political agenda
Media and the political agenda
Many people wouldn’t be concerned with issues if they weren’t in the media
The media has control over what people become concerned about, but not how they react to it
Many people wouldn’t be concerned with issues if they weren’t in the media
The media has control over what people become concerned about, but not how they react to it
Coverage of CongressCoverage of Congress Never equal to the coverage of the
president, making congress resentful No camera’s in the house ( except for
ceremonial events) until 1978 CSPAN has had non stopped coverage
of congress since 1979 Because camera’s are constantly
around senators it’s an incubator for presidential contenders
Never equal to the coverage of the president, making congress resentful
No camera’s in the house ( except for ceremonial events) until 1978
CSPAN has had non stopped coverage of congress since 1979
Because camera’s are constantly around senators it’s an incubator for presidential contenders
Public view on the mediaPublic view on the media
Most people believe the media, especially what they see on t.v.
The percentage of people that believe the media is biased is increasing
The press itself believes it is unbiased
Most people believe the media, especially what they see on t.v.
The percentage of people that believe the media is biased is increasing
The press itself believes it is unbiased
News storiesNews stories
Stories are influenced by four factors: deadlines, audience attraction, fairness and truth norms, and the beliefs of the reporter/editor
There are three types of stories:
Stories are influenced by four factors: deadlines, audience attraction, fairness and truth norms, and the beliefs of the reporter/editor
There are three types of stories:
News stories cont’dNews stories cont’d 1. Routine stories: public events
regularly covered (ex. The pres take a trip/ a Bill is passed)
2. Selected/ Featured stories: events not routinely covered that the reporter chooses to write about
3. Insider stories: not usually made public; when an insider tells a reporter
1. Routine stories: public events regularly covered (ex. The pres take a trip/ a Bill is passed)
2. Selected/ Featured stories: events not routinely covered that the reporter chooses to write about
3. Insider stories: not usually made public; when an insider tells a reporter
News leaksNews leaks Contrary to many other democracies,
printing government secrets is not illegal
Many leaks occur because of the competition between governmental branches. Each branch competes with one another by leaking information about projects and such to make themselves look better
Contrary to many other democracies, printing government secrets is not illegal
Many leaks occur because of the competition between governmental branches. Each branch competes with one another by leaking information about projects and such to make themselves look better
Since Watergate…Since Watergate…
The press and the gov’t greatly distrust each other
The media is always eager to search to find the “real story“ behind everything
The press and the gov’t greatly distrust each other
The media is always eager to search to find the “real story“ behind everything
Sensationalism in the mediaSensationalism in the media
Before 1980 sex escapades of political figures were not reported
Since 1980, sex and politics have been widely covered
These stories grab the attention of readers
Before 1980 sex escapades of political figures were not reported
Since 1980, sex and politics have been widely covered
These stories grab the attention of readers
Impact of September 11Impact of September 11
Public interest grew in national news
There became a greater trust and confidence in news organizations
Public interest grew in national news
There became a greater trust and confidence in news organizations
Government and journalistsGovernment and journalists Abundance of congressional staffers
makes it easy for reporters to get information for their stories
Local reporters are less adverse towards Washington officials than Nat'l reporters
Reporters who bash the president are frowned upon however those who write good about the president are benefited with news leaks and tips for stories
Abundance of congressional staffers makes it easy for reporters to get information for their stories
Local reporters are less adverse towards Washington officials than Nat'l reporters
Reporters who bash the president are frowned upon however those who write good about the president are benefited with news leaks and tips for stories
