Chapter 10

Matter and Temperature

10.1 The Nature of Matter• matter – anything that takes up space

and has mass• Democritus(430 BC) – proposed matter was

composed of basic/finite particles• Dalton(1803) – proposed matter made up of

atoms• Brown(1827) – saw tiny pollen grains

moving in irregular manner• Brownian motion – irregular or jerky motion of

particles moving and colliding with other particles

• Einstein(1905) – proposed Brownian motion caused by smaller, invisible particles

• classifying matter by composition• homogeneous matter – same composition

through out• water, air, sugar, steel, gold, carbon, gasoline

• heterogeneous matter – different composition through out• tossed salad, raisin bran, smoky/dusty air, Lake

Tschida water in July

Composition of Matter

Matter

homogeneous matter - same through out

heterogeneous matter - different through out

- kool-aid- air- water- gold

- lucky charms- chef salad- dusty/smoky air- granite- river water

mixture

• mixture – 2 or more things that are physically combined• no formula• easy to separate• retain own properties• no chemical reaction• examples – chicken noodle soup,

lemonade, ???

Composition of Matter

Matter

homogeneous matter - same through out

heterogeneous matter - different through out

- kool-aid- air- water- gold

- lucky charms- chef salad- dusty/smoky air- granite- river water

mixture

homogeneous matter

pure substances - only one type of matter- no “impurities”

solutions-homogeneous mixture- single phase

-gold- water- sugar- carbon

-Kool-Aid- pop- air- steel- “alloys”

solutions – homogeneous mixtures must consist of a single phase

▪ all solid or all liquid or all gas no formula easy to separate

• examples – steel, air, Kool-Aid, tap water,…

homogeneous matter

pure substances - only one type of matter- no “impurities”

solutions-homogeneous mixture- single phase

-gold- water- sugar- carbon

-Kool-Aid- pop- air- steel- “alloys”

• pure substance – consists of one type of matter• ALL PARTICLES ARE IDENTICAL• NO IMPURITIES• examples – gold, sugar, carbon dioxide,

oxygen, sodium chloride, water

pure substance only consists of one type of matter

▪ no impurities -gold- water- carbon dioxide- sugar

compounds

• compound – consist of 2 or more substances that are chemically combined• has a formula• forms in a chemical Rx• can be separated by chemical Rx• different properties than substances they

come from• molecule – individual particle made up of 2

or more nonmetals

pure substance only consists of one type of matter

▪ no impurities -gold- water- carbon dioxide- sugar

compoundselements

• element – basic building blocks of all matter• can’t be broken down into simple substances• comprised of similar atoms

• atom – smallest particle that has the properties of an element• very small(10-10 m) or 10,000,000,000 in 1 m• Al foil = 200,000 atoms thick

• each element has a unique type of atom• 92 naturally occurring, 118? total

colloid a mixture with particles that are too large to

dissolve but too small to settle out▪ paint, milk, fog,...

Tyndall effect▪ light scatters off the particles▪ appears cloudy or foggy

suspension particles are too large to dissolve and too

large to stay suspended settle out or settle to the bottom

▪ dust in air, smoke, clay/silt in water,...

10.2 Matter and Temperature• kinetic NRG – NRG of motion• potential NRG – NRG of position or at rest

• atoms are always in constant motion• solids – vibratory motion• liquids – flowing motion• gases – zipping motion• atoms always have kinetic NRG

• temperature – measure of average kinetic NRG of a substances particles

• thermometer – instrument used to measure temperature

• temp scales

Fahrenheit(Fo)

Celsius(Co)

Kelvin(K)

• temp. conversions• from Fo to Co

• Co = ((Fo + 40) x 5/9) – 40

• what is temp of 75o F in Co?• Co = ((75oF + 40) x 5/9) – 40• Co = 23.9oC

• what is body temp in Co?• Co = ((98.6 + 40) x 5/9) - 40• Co = 37o C

• temp. conversions cont.• from Co to Fo

• Fo = ((Co + 40) x 9/5) – 40

• what is room temp in Fo?• Fo = ((25oC + 40) x 9/5) – 40• Fo = 77oC

• what is temp in Fo of -40o C?• Fo = ((-40o C + 40) x 9/5) - 40• Fo = -40o C

• temp conversions cont.• from Co to K

• K = Co + 273

• At what K temp does water boil?• K = 100oC + 273• K = 373K

• from K to Co

• Co = K – 273• What is the Co of absolute zero(0 K)

• Co = 0 K – 273o C• Co = -273o C

10.3 The Phases of Matter• phases(states) of matter – solid, liquid,

gas, plasma

• solid - definite shape & definite volume• definite shape

• particles arranged in pattern • doesn’t need a container, doesn’t flow

• definite volume• particles packed close together

• liquid – no definite shape & definite volume• no definite shape(flow)

• needs a container on all sides but top• particles random order • move past one another - flow

• definite volume• particles packed close together

• gas – no definite shape or volume• no definite shape(flow)

• needs a container on all sides• particles random order • move past one another - flow

• no definite volume• particles are very spread apart

• mainly empty space

• can be compressed or expanded• fill any container

• plasma – high NRG phase of matter• consist of pieces of atoms

• lightning, welding, sun

• intermolecular forces(IMF)• force of attraction between molecules• hold solids and liquids together• don’t exist in gases• inversely related to temperature

• as temp increases, strength of IMF decreases

• phase changes• temperature at which a substance changes

from one phase to another• temp at which IMF form/broken

• melting • phase change from solid to liquid

• ice = 0o C, mercury= -39o C, solid O = -218o C

• freezing • phase change from liquid to solid

• water = 0o C, mercury -39o C, O = -218o C

• boiling • phase change from a liquid to a gas

• water 100o C, mercury 357o C, O = -183

• condensation • phase change from gas to liquid state

• water 100o C, mercury 357o C, O = -183

• sublimation• phase change from solid to gas(skips liquid)

• mothballs, urinal cakes, ice

• deposition• phase change from gas to solid(skips liquid)

• frost, synthetic diamonds, electrostatic paints

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid

Classification of Matter by composition

MATTERHomogeneous

-same thru-outHeterogeneous

-different thru-out

Mixture

-2 or more subst.

-easily separated thru physical means

-no formula

- retain same properties

-may consist of diff. phases

Pure substance

-one type of matter only

- oxygen, water

Solution

-one phase, 2 or more substances

-air, pop, stainless steel

Element

-simplest

-one type of atom

-lead, oxygen

Compound

-2 or more subst.

-chem Rx to separate

-specific formula

- different properties

-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid