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CHAPTER 10
AMERICA’S ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
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1. Most immigrants came from which two European countries
2. The Native American Party was nicknamed the __________-_________ Party.
3. The ______ _______ connected a great lake to the Hudson River.
4. Samuel Morse invented the ______________.
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The Changing American Population
– Population Trends Rapid Population Growth
White women avg. 6 kids!
Slave population trends High death rate
Burgeoning Immigration
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Immigration and Urban Growth
• Rapid Urbanization• All parts of America, trade is a big
reason
• “New” cities• Pitt., Cincinnati, Louisville etc.
• Irish and German Immigrants
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In some Midwest cities, the foreign-born outnumbered the Natives!
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Rise of Nativism
Why were people concerned with immigration?
Native American Party The Know-Nothings
This underscores the growing divide between native born Americans and immigrants…
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Transportations and Communications Revolutions
– The Canal Age What were the advantages? VIDEO
Erie Canal 40 ft x 4 ft 350 miles! Gave NY access to Chicago and other MW
cities…
Increased Settlement in the Northwest
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Chapter Ten: America’s Economic Revolution
Canals in the Northeast, 1823-186013 © 2011, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Triumph of the Rails
Baltimore and Ohio was first RR
Importance of Government Funding Money was needed from state, local and
fed. Govts. Railroads were extremely expensive
Economic Effects of the Railroad New markets FASTER transportation Represented progress and growth in
America 14
America’s Economic Revolution
Railroad Growth, 1850-186015 © 2011, The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
The Telegraph
Samuel Morse (Portrait Gallery)
Samuel Morse
Used bursts of electrical current as a language
Western Union TelegraphCompany
Impact on journalism/society?
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Commerce and Industry– The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840
Advantages of Corporations– The Emergence of the Factory
Dramatic Industrial Growth
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America’s Economic Revolution
America’s Economic Revolution
Commerce and Industry Advances in Technology
Machine Tools - replaceable parts
New Sources of Energy
Innovations in Corporate Organization Rise of the Industrial
Ruling Class
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Early Industrialism “Putting-out” system
What was this?
After 1815, increased demand stimulated mass production
Textile industry = development of factory system
New England politicians support higher tariffs Why?
Other industries adopted factory model by 1840s and 1850s
U.S. not yet an industrial country, but was evolving national market economy
Lowell Mills – Lowell, Massachusetts
• How did the dawn of the Industrial Revolution change wardrobes in America?
• What effect did this have on the women who worked in the Mills?
Men and Women at Work
– The Immigrant Workforce Cheap Immigrant Labor
– The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition De-skilling
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Fighting for Control
Commonwealth v. Hunt
What did it say?
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Patterns of Society
The Rich and the Poor
• Highly Unequal Distribution of Wealth
• The Urban Poor
• Harsh Life for Free Blacks
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The Cult of Domesticity
The Cult of True Womanhood” Placed women in the
home Glorified home as
center of all efforts to civilize and “Christianize” society
Middle- and upper-class women became increasingly dedicated to the home as mothers
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Leisure Activities
• Vibrant Culture of Public Leisure
• P. T. Barnum
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Life of Southern Blacks Constant resistance of Southern ideology,
repression
Constant aspiration to freedom
90% of slaves lived on plantations or farms Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sun up
to sun down, 6 days a week
About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry
Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves
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Family and Religion Normal family life difficult for slaves
Fathers cannot always protect children
Families vulnerable to breakup by masters
Extended families provide nurture, support amid horror of slavery
Slave culture a family culture that provided a sense of community
Black Christianity the cornerstone of an emerging African American culture
Slave religion kept secret from whites Reaffirmed the inherent joy of life Preached the inevitable day of
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Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Resistance and Rebellion 1822: Denmark Vesey – Free black man
Well-planned conspiracy for slaves to seize armory and then take Charleston slaves
1831: Nat Turner led bloodiest and most terrifying slave revolt
Runaways often aided by the Underground Railroad
Work-related: Work slowdowns Sabotage Poison masters
Stories, songs asserting equality
FREE BLACKS IN THE SOUTH:
• Southern free blacks severely restricted
• Sense of solidarity with slaves
• Generally unable to help
• By 1860, some state legislatures were proposing laws to force free blacks to emigrate or be enslaved
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Slave Rebellions and Uprisings, 1800–1831
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Southern Planters
Only a small percentage of slave owners lived in aristocratic mansions Less than 1% of the white population owned 50 or
more slaves
Planter wealth based on: Commerce Land speculation Slave trading Cotton planting
Planters prided themselves on paternalism Better living standard for Southern slaves than others
in Western Hemisphere Relatively decent treatment due in part to their
increasing economic value after 1808
Planters actually dealt little with slaves Slaves managed by overseers Violent coercion accepted by all planters
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Small Slaveholders/Yeoman Farmers
Masters often worked alongside the slaves
Most slaves would have preferred the economic and cultural stability of the plantation
Small farmers resented large planters
Many saw slavery as guaranteeing their own liberty and independence Slavery viewed as a system for keeping
blacks “in their place”
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A Closed Mind and a Closed Society
Planters feared growth of abolitionism
Planters encouraged closing of ranks
Slavery defended as a positive good “The Blessings of Slavery” and “The Stability of the
Union” Africans depicted as inferior Slavery defended with Bible Slavery a humane asylum to improve Africans Slavery superior to Northern wage labor
Contrary points of view suppressed
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Slave Concentration, 1820
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“King Cotton” “Short-staple” cotton drove cotton boom
Cotton gin made seed extraction easy – Eli Whitney
Year-round requirements suited to slave labor
Cotton in Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, east Texas
Large planters dominated cotton production
1850: South produced 75% of world’s cotton, cotton the most important U.S. business
UNDERGROUND RAILROAD
Harriet Tubman
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Slave Concentration, 1860
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Worlds in Conflict Slavery not profitable for South as a whole
Slave system resulted in waste of human resources, Southern underdevelopment
Separate Southern worlds Planters Slaves Less affluent whites Free blacks
Held together by plantation economy, web of customary relationships
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The Second Great Awakening
The Frontier
Camp meetings contributed to frontier life Provided emotional
religion Offered opportunity
for social life
Camp meeting revivals conveyed intensely personal religious message
Camp meetings rarely led to social reform
North Charles G. Finney
“Rochester Revival” Departed radically
from Calvinist doctrine
Appeal based in emotion, not reason
Lyman Beecher and others were disturbed by the emotionalism of Finney’s methods
Revivals led to organization of more churches
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From Revivalism to Reform Northern revivals stimulated reform
Middle-class participants adapted evangelical religion to preserve traditional values
“The benevolent empire” of evangelical reform movements altered American life For example, temperance movement cut
alcohol consumption by more than 50%
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The Extension of Education Public schools expanded rapidly from 1820 to
1850
Means of advancement for working class
Means of inculcating values of hard work, responsibility to middle-class reformers
Horace Mann argued that schools saved immigrants, poor children from parents’ bad influence
Many parents believed public schools alienated children from their parents© 2011, The McGraw-Hill
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Divisions in the Benevolent Empire Radical perfectionists impatient by 1830s, split from
moderate reform Temperance movement Peace movement Antislavery movement
FULL CITIZENSHIP
American Colonization Society
Radicals like William Lloyd Garrison demanded immediate emancipation Constitution is a “pact with the devil” 1831: Garrison founded The Liberator 1833: American Anti-Slavery Society
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Black Abolitionists Former slaves related the horrible
realities of bondage Prominent figures included
Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth and David Walker
Black newspapers, books, and pamphlets publicized abolitionism to a wider audience
Blacks were also active in the Underground Railroad
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Women’s Rights
Second Great Awakening leads to increased roles in society
Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 Organized by Lucretia Mott,
Elizabeth Cady Stanton Prompted by experience of
inequality in abolition movement Began movement for women’s
rights
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Utopian Communities
Utopian socialism Inspired by Robert
Owen, Charles Fourier New Harmony, Indiana
—Owenite Fourierite phalanxes
Religious utopianism Shakers Oneida Community
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Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller George Ripley
Founded cooperative community at Brook Farm Henry David Thoreau and Walden
COUNTERPOINT: Reform encountered perceptive critics
Nathaniel Hawthorne allegorically refuted perfectionist movements, suggesting the world was inherently an imperfect place
Reform prompted necessary changes in American life
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Expansion in Texas
FACTORS INVOLVED IN AMERICAN SETTLEMENT IN TEXAS:
1. Conflict with Native Americans deters Mexicans from moving to Texas.
2. Mexico gains independence from Spain, expands trade with US.
3. Mexico gives land grants to empresarios, such as Stephen Austin, to encourage Americans to settle in Texas.
Why did the Mexicans have such a difficult time controlling their land?
Stephen Austin by BrandShown here with his trusty dog and gun, Stephen F. Austin leans against a tree and considers the vast domain granted to him by the Spanish government. Austin was one of the leading landowners in Texas, as well as a leader of the Texas Revolution. (Archives Division, Texas State Library)
The Texas Revolution
• 1820s: Americans encouraged to move into Texas
• What issues did the Americans have with local Mexican government?
• 1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and importing slaves
• 1835: Armed rebellion breaks out after Santa Anna seems bent on using military to enforce Mexican government policy
Republic of Texas
• March, 1836: Texans declare independence and the Alamo under siege• ALAMO VIDEO
• April, 1836: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto• “Remember the Alamo! Remember the
Goliad!”
• May, 1836: Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas’ claim to territory (Mexico repudiates)
• Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers
• Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson• Why?
Trails of Trade and Settlement• Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a
result of Mexico’s war with Texas
• Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers to the Oregon country
• Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.-British occupation
Joseph Smith and the Mormons• Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830
• All American religion, created in U.S.
• Mormons move from Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.
• Polygamy unpopular
• 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith
• Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847, est. frontier cooperative theocracy
• Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896
http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html
JOSEPH SMITH
“Affected by the great religious excitement taking place around his home in Manchester, New York, in 1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know which of the many religions he should join. …Early one morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by two "personages" who identified themselves as God the Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of the churches.
In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly afterward began translating its words by the "gift of God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon, was published in March 1830. Joseph was persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, on June 27,
1844.”
Brigham Young“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young was on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return, Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley, where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847. Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in 1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of Joseph Smith.”
h ttp ://w w w .c r.n p s .g o v /h is to ry /o n lin e _ b o o k s /m o p i/im a g e s /fi g 3 2 .jp g
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig18.jpg
Western Trails
Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War
Widespread call for annexation of newly settled lands
“Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those believing the U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and Canada
Tyler and Texas 1841: John Tyler assumes
presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death
Tyler breaks with Whigs
1844: Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue
Senate refuses to ratify because of expansion of slavery
Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay
The Triumph of Polk and Annexation
Democrats nominate James K. Polk
Polk runs on expansionist platform Annexation of Texas for Southern vote U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote “54’40 or Fight!”
James Birney and Liberty Party take votes away from Clay over the expansion of slavery
Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion
Texas is annexed by joint resolution shortly before Polk inaugurated
The Election of 1844
Why is it important to consider the Liberty Party votes?
The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny
“Manifest Destiny” first used in 1845 by John O’ Sullivan God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become
stronger Americans make new territories free and democratic Growing American population needs land
Limits to American expansion undefined
Polk and the Oregon Question
“54’ 40” or fight”
1846: Polk tells British that joint occupation no longer acceptable
England prepares for war, proposes division of the area
Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846
U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound
Northern expansionists condemned Polk for division
War with Mexico: Outbreak Texan claim to area between
Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers not recognized by Mexico
After Texas annexation, this causes conflict between U.S. and Mexico
Polk orders General Zachary Taylor into disputed area
April 24, 1846 Mexicans attack Americans in disputed area
May 13, 1846: War on Mexico declared
War with Mexico: Course General Zachary Taylor
wins campaign in northern Mexico
Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico and joined John C. Frémont in taking California by early 1847
September, 1847: General Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo February, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Rio Grande becomes southern border New Mexico, California ceded to U.S. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million
Why the U.S. did not annex all of Mexico? Merk Thesis: Racism and anti-colonial heritage Graebner: U.S. only wanted west coast ports, no need for rest of
Mexico
Mexican War politically contentious Whigs constantly criticized war effort Northerners view war as aimed at increasing slavery and Southern
power Wilmot Proviso – what was this?
Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery question
