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Chapter 10. Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase. Classical Greece (800–350). Minoan Society ( @ 2500–1100). Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians Minos — legendary king “Center of Mediterranean trade” Wine, olive oil, and wool → grain, textiles, manufactures - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 10
Mediterranean Society: The Greek PhaseChapter 101Classical Greece (800350)
2Minoan Society (@ 25001100)Mesopotamians, Egyptians, PhoeniciansMinos legendary kingCenter of Mediterranean tradeWine, olive oil, and wool grain, textiles, manufacturesKnossos royal dwellings & tax storehousesLinear ANatural disasters @ 1700Thera (present-day Santorini)Foreign domination @ 1100
3Mycenaean Society (@ 16001100)Indo-European invaders descended through the BalkansAssimilated with Minoan cultureLinear A Linear BConstruction: fortresses & stone palaces throughout the PeloponnesusMajor settlement: MycenaeMilitary expansionCrete, Sicily, southern Italy
4Chaos in the Eastern MediterraneanMilitary conflictsTrojan War (@ 1200)Various maritime/piratical engagements (@ 1100800)Civil disturbancesResult: civil unrest, population decline, emigration
5The Polis
Citadel, or fortified stateIndependent urban centersDominated rural areasLevied taxesPolitical formsMonarchiesTyrannies not necessarily oppressiveEarly democracies
6SpartaPeloponnesusHighly militarized and acquisitive societyExpanded during 8th and 7th centuriesSubjugated peoples: helotsPrimarily agricultural serfs (not chattel slaves)In time, outnumbered Spartans 10:1Led to increasingly militaristic society
7Spartan SocietyThis . . . not this. . . .
8Spartan SocietyAustere societySimplicity and frugalityDisdained distinctiveness, except in martial mattersMilitaristic educationBoys removed from families at age sevenRigorous military training / lived in barracksActive duty until age 30Girls also underwent exacting physical regimenRelaxation of discipline by 4th century
9AthensThis . . . not this. . . .
10Athens
Development of early democracyComparatively large political base, but: Free, adult males onlyForeigners, women, slaves excludedAthenian societyMaritime trade (7th century)Increases aristocratic power & class / socio-economic tensionsSmall landholders forced into debtor peonage
11Solon and Athenian Democracy638558Averts civil warAristocrats maintain landDebt forgivenessDebt slavery bannedExtension of polityRemoval of lineage restrictionsInstitution of paid civil service
12Pericles495429First citizen of AthensGeneralNaval supremacyZenith of Athenian democracyPopular aristocratInfrastructural programsCultural developmentSciencePhilosophyLiteratureArtArchitecture
13Greek Colonization (8th century)
Poleis population expansionCoastal Mediterranean & Black Sea coloniesImperial government?Effects:Commercial expansionCommunication LanguageCulturePolitical & social effects14Persian Wars (500479)AnatoliaCyrus and DariusIonian coastRevolt, (500) supported by AthensSuppressed by Darius (493)Marathon (490)Herodotus HistoriesDarius dies (486)Xerxes (Darius son) revenge (480)ThermopylaeLeonidas Spartans last standAthens burnedSalamis & AtticaThemistocles Xerxes withdraws
15The Delian LeagueResponse to the Persian menaceLed by AthensSparta refused to joinSuperior navy & militaryOther poleis contributed financiallyPayments fueled Periclean (495-424) expansionResentment
16The Peloponnesian WarCivil war (431-404)Athens v. SpartaNegotiated peace (421)Syracuse (415)Athens capitulates unconditionally Expanded civil strife
17Kingdom of Macedon
Frontier region north of PeloponnesusSemi-autonomous clansBeneficial trade w/ Greece King Philip II (r. 359-336)Greek hostage (368-365)Powerful militaryConsolidated powerImperial designsGreece (338)Assassinated (336)Pausanias of Orestis18Alexander of MacedonExpanded militaryBrilliant strategistInspirational leaderConquered (330-330)Ionia, Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, PersiaInvaded India (327)Soldiers wearyReturned (324)Died (323)
19Alexanders Empire, ca. 323 B.C.E.
20The Hellenistic Empires
Power vacuum Empire divided thricelyAntigonus: Greece & MacedonPtolemy: EgpytSeleucus: Persian Achaemenid EmpireHellenistic EraExtension of Greek cultureIntegrated economies and cultures from Greece to India21The Antigonid Empire
Greek conflictPolitical settlementTax relief Local autonomyLand distributionAthensCorinthEmigrationSeleucid empire22The Ptolemaic Empire
Wealthiest Hellenistic empireEfficient organizationAgriculture, industry, taxationRoyal monopoliesTextiles, salt, beerAlexandriaNile River & MediterraneanAdministrative centerMegalopolisCultural centerAlexandrian MuseumAlexandrian Library
23The Seleucid EmpireGreek zenith
Mass Greek colonization
Ai Khanum
Exportation of Greek culture
From Anatolia to Bactria
24Trade and Integration of the Mediterranean BasinLimited Greek agricultureSmall grain harvestsRich in olive and grapesCommercial economyMediterranean SeaBlack SeaTrading linksManufacturesSpread Greek culture
25Panhellenic Festivals
Olympic Games
776 ?
Olympia
Integrated colonies
Quadrennial for millennium26Patriarchal SocietyInfanticide
Women subservient
Priestess
Sparta
Sappho
Poetess
Homosexual double-standard
27SlaveryDebtor slavery
Captured soldiers
Slave trade
Scythians (Russia)
Nubians (Egypt / Sudan)
28The Greek Language
Adapted Phoenician alphabet
Flexible & complex language
Allowed for abstract communication
Philosophy29Socrates (470399)
Pivotal philosophic figureSocratic MethodReflective questioningHonor, personal integrity, justicePlatoPublic gadfly (persistent, irritating critic)Death sentence: immorality and corruption of youth30Plato (430347)Student of SocratesSystematized Socratic thoughtSocratic dialoguesForms, or IdeasMaterial world = shadow of the real worldPerception is realityAllegory of the caveThe RepublicIntellectual aristocracyPhilosopher-king
31Aristotle (389 322 B.C.E.)
32Aristotle (389322)Disciple of Plato
Forms, or Ideas = useless constructs
Emphasized empirical findings, reason
The master of those who know.
33Greek Theology
PolytheisticPersonified supernatural powersSun, wind, rainMythological storiesZeus, Apollo, Fortune, FuriesReligious cultsEleusinian mysteries: moralityDemeter: fertility cultDionysus The BacchaeDomestication of rituals34Tragic DramaEvolution from cultic ritualsMajor playwrightsAeschylusSophoclesEuripidesAristophanes
35Hellenistic PhilosophiesEpicureansPleasure, or quite satisfactionThe greatest goodSkepticsDoubted certaintyStoicsMost respectedUniversal familyDuty, virtue, inner peace
36