Chapter 10

A new Civilization Emerges in Europe

Today 10/30 and 10/31

• Practice Question• Reading Quiz• Reading Guide• Lecture• Simulation• Exit

Objective:In this chapter you will be able to

describe how Western Europe political structure has changed

over time.In this lecture you will be able to

distinguish the differences between Western Europe's

political structure and others we have learned about

Western European Problems

• Fall of Rome = fragmentation and economic hardships– Intellectual life decreased– Catholic Church becomes the only true unifying

structure– Many places like Spain still Muslim

• The center of the region is no longer Rome– Now more France and Germany with England

growing in influence

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png

Europe c. 1000

1. Manorialism

• System of economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers– This became common place as a means of survival• Trade decreased• Political stability (centralization) decreased

– These manors were self sufficient

2. Agricultural developments • Expansion of arable land – Population rises – Cleared forests, swamps – Lords encouraged such efforts

• Improved farming techniques – Crop rotation methods– Use of fertilizer– Cultivation of beans increased – More domestic animals – Books on economy, agriculture

• New tools and technology – Extensive use of watermills and heavy plows – Use of horseshoe and horse collar, increased land under

cultivation– 3-plot rotation of planted land

New farming technologies And new foods

Before 1000, European diet - grains After 1000, more meat, dairy products, fish, vegetables, legumes

Increase in food production

Population explosionBetween 1000 and 1300, the population of Europe doubled.

3. The Church

• Only real example of government organization based around the Pope in Rome– Christendom or The Age of Faith

• Every aspect of life was dominated by the Church• Rulers were crowned by the “Grace of God”• Political rule viewed as divinely sanctioned• All Christians were expected to tithe to the church• Education, art dictated by Church ideals• Calendar organized by faith holidays• Fair prices, economic practices dictated by church

• All answers to questions were dictated largely by faith• Law was largely dictated by religion• Serious matters submitted to Church for arbitration, resolution

4. Charlemagne

• Carolingians– Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of

Tours– Charles the Great = Charlemagne

• Was able to move W. E. toward centralization and unity – this brought with it a wave of light

• Encouraged some church based education

• OH look another example of a strong leader and stupid succession rules making the developing empire fall– 3 grandsons = 3 portions

Charlemagne’s Empire

After Charlemagne's death

5. Empireless

• W. E. couldn’t establish an empire for a few reasons– From this point on Regional kingdoms will prevail– HOWEVER they will sometimes be under the

umbrella of the Holy Roman Empire• Cultural unity rater than political unity– Roman Catholic

6. Feudalism• This is not the same as Manorialism• This is a Political and Military Relationship• Linked military elites (Landlords with Money) to

lesser lords (vassals)– They owe military service and some goods– They both had serfs to work the considerable amount of

land• How did this inhibit the development of a strong

central state

7. Feudal Monarchies

• These Fifes of land can become a Feudal Monarchies– The King had to be able to control multiple Feudal

kingdoms (Fiefs)• Very clear in England

– William the Conqueror

– A version of Centralization but not really

8. Limited Government

• Very politically divided and diverse area as we have already seen

• Limited government will begin to development to reduce some of the power of the King and give it to lords– 1215 Magna Carta and King John

• 1255 1st English Parliament

1. "Those who pray" – clergy, spiritual estateRuling hierarchy: Popes, bishops, abbotsCommon clergy: Monks, priests

2. "Those who fight" - feudal nobles, military estateRoyalty who ran a stateLand owning lords such as dukes, counts, princesLowest nobility with no land were knights

3. "Those who work" - mostly peasants and serfsPeasants and SerfsThose who lived in Towns (Burg = Burghers)

Not an estate in most countriesGrew to become middle class

People had the rights according to the estate they were born into

The Three Estates

100 Years War

• FRANCE VS. ENGLAND– This is going to be on going (longer than 100 years)– Kings had to get over their belief that their purpose

is battle and start dealing with the betterment of their countries

• Major strains BUT new technology • Realized they had to replace these noble knights

with paid soldiers• France wins

9. The Wests Expansionist impulse

• This will so clearly define W. E. later and it all starts now

• They moved to many places often with the call of Christ– Eastern Germany and Poland– Spain (taking it back from the Muslims)– Iceland

• The Crusades

10. Religious Reform and Evolution • Monastic rules

– St. Benedict (480-547 C.E.) provided a set of regulations – Virtues of Benedictine monks: poverty, chastity, and obedience– Western monastic rites differed from Eastern rites

• Western rites emphasized work, prayer, service to the poor• Eastern rites were relatively isolated, dedicated to prayer but not outside contacts

• The roles of monasteries – Became dominant feature in social and cultural life of western Europe – Accumulated large landholdings but spread knowledge

• Wealthy patrons donated land to monks for monasteries• Taught peasants, serfs techniques of farming• Cleared forested lands, planted them• Organized much of rural labor for agriculture

– Provided a variety of social services • Inns and shelters for travelers and refugees • Orphanages, medical centers • Schools, libraries and scriptoria

– Monks served needs of rural population