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Eight Key Aspects of Personality Unconscious Ego forces Cognitive Biological Conditioning Traits Spiritual Person-situation interaction Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Chapter 1:
What is Personality?
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What does it mean to be a person?
Personality psychology ◦ the scientific study of the
psychological forces that make people uniquely themselves
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Eight Key Aspects of Personality
Unconscious
Ego forces
Cognitive
Biological
Conditioning
Traits
Spiritual
Person-situation interaction
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Personality and Science
Scientific methods are used to test personality theories
◦Importance of data and statistics to test theories
◦Superiority over conclusions from astrology, palm-reading, etc.
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The Zodiac
Does the Barnum Effect explain some of the appeal of astrology?
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Correlation
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Where do personality theories come from?
Deductive approachInductive approachConcepts borrowed from other
disciplinesCombination (most theories
utilize all of these)
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Induction and Deduction
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Preview of the Perspectives
Psychoanalytic
Neo-analytic
Cognitive
Biological
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Person-situation interaction
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A Brief History of Personality Psychology
Theater and self-presentation
◦“All the world’s a stage and all the men and women are merely players” -- William Shakespeare
◦The relative self
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A Brief History of Personality Psychology Religion
◦Eastern philosophies and religions consciousness self-fulfillment
Renaissance philosophers◦Mind-body debate◦Nature of consciousness
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A Brief History of Personality Psychology Evolutionary biology
◦Charles Darwin
◦Adaptive value
◦People are subject to the laws of nature
◦Animal personalityCopyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
A Brief History of Personality Psychology
Testing
◦Wartime testing (World War I)
◦Intelligence testing
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A Brief History of Personality Psychology
Modern theory◦Gordon Allport
Examined the underlying organization of each individual’s personality
◦Kurt Lewin Gestalt psychology
◦Henry Murray “Personology” Longitudinal designs
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A Brief History of Personality Psychology Modern theory
◦Clark Hull Learning theorist
◦B. F. Skinner Behaviorist
◦Margaret Mead Anthropologist who highlighted the
importance of cross-cultural comparisons
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Some Basic Issues What is the importance of the
unconscious?What is the self?Does each individual require a
unique approach?◦nomothetic vs. idiographic
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Some Basic Issues
Are there differences between men and women?
The person versus the situationTo what extent is personality
culturally determined?Is personality a useful concept?
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Timeline (early years)
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Timeline (later years)
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