Chapter 1Chapter 1

The Strategic Management ProcessThe Strategic Management Process

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Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

To understand:

• the elements or stages of the strategic management process.

• SWOT analysis.

• the importance of strategic leadership and strategic direction.

• the key elements of important strategic perspectives, including industrial organization economics, the resource-based perspective, and stakeholder theory.

• how a turbulent and interdependent global environment has increased the importance of innovation in firms.

• the elements of strategic thinking.

To understand:

• the elements or stages of the strategic management process.

• SWOT analysis.

• the importance of strategic leadership and strategic direction.

• the key elements of important strategic perspectives, including industrial organization economics, the resource-based perspective, and stakeholder theory.

• how a turbulent and interdependent global environment has increased the importance of innovation in firms.

• the elements of strategic thinking.

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Strategic Management

is the process through which organizations…

analyze and learn from their internal and external environments,

establish strategic direction, create strategies that are intended to help achieve

established goals, and execute those strategies….

all in an effort to satisfy key

organizational stakeholders.

Strategic Management

is the process through which organizations…

analyze and learn from their internal and external environments,

establish strategic direction, create strategies that are intended to help achieve

established goals, and execute those strategies….

all in an effort to satisfy key

organizational stakeholders.

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StrategicStrategicDirectionDirection

Strategy FormulationStrategy Formulation(corporate and (corporate and business level)business level)

Strategy ImplementationStrategy Implementationand Controland Control

Strategic RestructuringStrategic Restructuring

External and Internal External and Internal AnalysisAnalysis

Strategic Management ProcessStrategic Management Process

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THE TASK ENVIRONMENTTHE TASK ENVIRONMENT

THE BROAD ENVIRONMENTTHE BROAD ENVIRONMENT

THE ORGANIZATIONTHE ORGANIZATION

suppliers

government

unions

activists

local communities

financialintermediaries

customers

competitors

socioculturalforces

socioculturalforces

technological forces

technological forces

economicforces

economicforces

owners/board of directorsmanagers employees

political/legal forcespolitical/legal forces

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Broad EnvironmentBroad Environment

The broad environment consists of domestic and global forces such as:

socio-cultural trends (e.g. demographics)technological trends (e.g. internet)political trends (e.g. open markets) economic trends (e.g. growing economy)

The broad environment forms the context within which the firm and its task environment exist.

The broad environment consists of domestic and global forces such as:

socio-cultural trends (e.g. demographics)technological trends (e.g. internet)political trends (e.g. open markets) economic trends (e.g. growing economy)

The broad environment forms the context within which the firm and its task environment exist.

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Task Environment Task Environment

The The tasktask environment consists of external environment consists of external stakeholders -- groups or individuals outside the stakeholders -- groups or individuals outside the organization that are significantly influenced by or organization that are significantly influenced by or have a major impact on the organization -- such as:have a major impact on the organization -- such as:

CustomersCustomersSuppliersSuppliersCompetitorsCompetitorsCommunitiesCommunitiesFinancial intermediariesFinancial intermediaries

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Internal Environmental Analysis

Internal Environmental Analysis

• Internal stakeholders include managers, employees and the owners and their representatives (e.g., board of directors).

• Internal analysis includes an evaluation of internal stakeholders and the organization’s resources and capabilities

• Purpose of internal analysis to determinestrengths and opportunities for competitive advantage,

and weaknesses and organizational vulnerabilities that should

be corrected.

• Internal stakeholders include managers, employees and the owners and their representatives (e.g., board of directors).

• Internal analysis includes an evaluation of internal stakeholders and the organization’s resources and capabilities

• Purpose of internal analysis to determinestrengths and opportunities for competitive advantage,

and weaknesses and organizational vulnerabilities that should

be corrected.

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SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis

• Strengths are firm resources and capabilities that can lead to a competitive advantage.

• Weaknesses are resources and capabilities that the firm does not possess but that are necessary, resulting in a competitive disadvantage.

• Opportunities are conditions in the broad and task environments that allow a firm to take advantage of organizational strengths, overcome organizational weaknesses, and/or neutralize environmental threats.

• Threats are conditions in the broad and task environments that may stand in the way of organizational competitiveness or the achievement of stakeholder satisfaction.

• Strengths are firm resources and capabilities that can lead to a competitive advantage.

• Weaknesses are resources and capabilities that the firm does not possess but that are necessary, resulting in a competitive disadvantage.

• Opportunities are conditions in the broad and task environments that allow a firm to take advantage of organizational strengths, overcome organizational weaknesses, and/or neutralize environmental threats.

• Threats are conditions in the broad and task environments that may stand in the way of organizational competitiveness or the achievement of stakeholder satisfaction.

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Strategic LeadershipStrategic Leadership

• Strategic leaders have a large impact on the strategies and performance of their firmsHigh impact leaders like Sam Walton of Walmart, Jack

Welch of General Electric or, more recently, Akio Toyoda of Toyota or Sam Palmisano of IBM.

One of the most important responsibilities of a strategic leader is to establish strategic direction

• Strategic leaders have a large impact on the strategies and performance of their firmsHigh impact leaders like Sam Walton of Walmart, Jack

Welch of General Electric or, more recently, Akio Toyoda of Toyota or Sam Palmisano of IBM.

One of the most important responsibilities of a strategic leader is to establish strategic direction

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Strategic DirectionStrategic Direction

Strategic direction involves

• setting long-term goals and objectives

• defines the purposes for which an organization exists and operatesbusiness ethics pertain to the moral obligations of

businesses to individuals, groups (such as stakeholders) and society as a whole

values define what matters when making decisions and what is rewarded and reinforced

Strategic direction may be contained, in part, in a firm's mission and vision statements

Strategic direction involves

• setting long-term goals and objectives

• defines the purposes for which an organization exists and operatesbusiness ethics pertain to the moral obligations of

businesses to individuals, groups (such as stakeholders) and society as a whole

values define what matters when making decisions and what is rewarded and reinforced

Strategic direction may be contained, in part, in a firm's mission and vision statements

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Strategy FormulationStrategy Formulation

• Strategy is an organizational plan of action intended to accomplish goals.

• Corporate strategy formulation refers to domain definition, or the choice of business areas. Usually decided by the CEO and the board of directors.

• Business strategy formulation involves domain direction and navigation, or how to compete in a given area. Usually decided by division heads and business unit managers.

• Functional strategy formulation contains the details of how the functional areas such as marketing, operations, finance, and research should work together to achieve the business-level strategy. Decisions made by functional level managers.

• Strategy is an organizational plan of action intended to accomplish goals.

• Corporate strategy formulation refers to domain definition, or the choice of business areas. Usually decided by the CEO and the board of directors.

• Business strategy formulation involves domain direction and navigation, or how to compete in a given area. Usually decided by division heads and business unit managers.

• Functional strategy formulation contains the details of how the functional areas such as marketing, operations, finance, and research should work together to achieve the business-level strategy. Decisions made by functional level managers.

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Strategy Implementation and Control

Strategy Implementation and Control

• Strategy implementation involves creating the functional strategies, systems, structures, and processes needed by the organization in achieving strategic ends.

• Strategic control refers to the processes that lead to adjustments in strategic direction, strategies, or the implementation plan when necessary.

• Strategic restructuring involves a renewed emphasis on what an organization does well, combined with a variety of tactics to revitalize the organization and strengthen its competitive position.

• Strategy implementation involves creating the functional strategies, systems, structures, and processes needed by the organization in achieving strategic ends.

• Strategic control refers to the processes that lead to adjustments in strategic direction, strategies, or the implementation plan when necessary.

• Strategic restructuring involves a renewed emphasis on what an organization does well, combined with a variety of tactics to revitalize the organization and strengthen its competitive position.

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Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

Industrial Organization Economics

• Environmental determinism – the most competitive strategy is determined by the environment. It involves adapting to environmental, technical and human forces

• Structure-conduct-performance model – the performance of an industry is dependent on the conduct of the firms it contains, which is dependent on industry structure

• Research – suggests industry is important to performance, but not primary determinant

• Enactment – firms can, in part, create their environments.

• Combination – organizations typically involved in adaptation and enactment.

Industrial Organization Economics

• Environmental determinism – the most competitive strategy is determined by the environment. It involves adapting to environmental, technical and human forces

• Structure-conduct-performance model – the performance of an industry is dependent on the conduct of the firms it contains, which is dependent on industry structure

• Research – suggests industry is important to performance, but not primary determinant

• Enactment – firms can, in part, create their environments.

• Combination – organizations typically involved in adaptation and enactment.

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Resource-based View• Organization is a bundle of resources – financial, physical, human,

knowledge and learning, and general organizational (structure, systems, culture, reputation, relationships with stakeholders).

• Sustainable competitive advantage – comes from a resource that is valuable in the market, possessed by only a small number of firms (rare), and costly or difficult to imitate in the short term.

• Effective development or acquisition of organizational resources – may be the most important reason that some organizations are more successful than others.

Resource-based View• Organization is a bundle of resources – financial, physical, human,

knowledge and learning, and general organizational (structure, systems, culture, reputation, relationships with stakeholders).

• Sustainable competitive advantage – comes from a resource that is valuable in the market, possessed by only a small number of firms (rare), and costly or difficult to imitate in the short term.

• Effective development or acquisition of organizational resources – may be the most important reason that some organizations are more successful than others.

Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

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Stakeholder Perspective• Organization is a network of relationships with stakeholders – internal and

external constituencies that have a strong interest in the activities and outcomes of the firm and upon whom the organization relies to achieve its objectives.

• Stakeholder analysis� identifying and prioritizing key stakeholders� assessing their needs� collecting ideas from them� integrating this knowledge into the strategic management process

• Stakeholder management� communicating with stakeholders� negotiating and contracting with stakeholders� managing relationships with them� motivating them to behave in ways that are beneficial to the organization and its other stakeholders

Stakeholder Perspective• Organization is a network of relationships with stakeholders – internal and

external constituencies that have a strong interest in the activities and outcomes of the firm and upon whom the organization relies to achieve its objectives.

• Stakeholder analysis� identifying and prioritizing key stakeholders� assessing their needs� collecting ideas from them� integrating this knowledge into the strategic management process

• Stakeholder management� communicating with stakeholders� negotiating and contracting with stakeholders� managing relationships with them� motivating them to behave in ways that are beneficial to the organization and its other stakeholders

Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

Alternative Perspectives on Strategy Development

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Managing for Stakeholders and Value Creation

Managing for Stakeholders and Value Creation

Potential forValue CreationPotential for

Value Creation

PrimaryStakeholders

PrimaryStakeholders

Nature ofRelationships

Nature ofRelationships

Trusting

Respectful

Mutually Beneficial

Shareholders

Employees

Managers

Customers

Suppliers

Communities

Others

Sources of CompetitiveAdvantage

Sources of CompetitiveAdvantage

Sales Growth

Efficiency

Fewer Negative Actions

Less Risk

Excellent Reputation

More Attractive to Stakeholders

Ability to Obtain Better Resources

Ability to Obtain Valuable Information

Greater Ability to Plan

Strategic Flexibility

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• Traditional/contemporary perspective – firms should adapt to forces in the external environment when it is unreasonable to try to change them, while being proactive in other areas. Also, strategy making is a combination of planning and learning. The approach also draws from organizational economics, especially pertaining to industry analysis

• Resource-based perspective – internal analysis leading to identification of sources of sustainable competitive advantage

• Stakeholder perspective – part of external analysis and alliance formation

• Global perspective – integrated throughout all aspects of strategic management

• Traditional/contemporary perspective – firms should adapt to forces in the external environment when it is unreasonable to try to change them, while being proactive in other areas. Also, strategy making is a combination of planning and learning. The approach also draws from organizational economics, especially pertaining to industry analysis

• Resource-based perspective – internal analysis leading to identification of sources of sustainable competitive advantage

• Stakeholder perspective – part of external analysis and alliance formation

• Global perspective – integrated throughout all aspects of strategic management

A Combined Approach to Strategic Management

A Combined Approach to Strategic Management

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The world's markets are becoming increasingly globalizedThe world's markets are becoming increasingly globalizedThe world's markets are becoming increasingly globalizedThe world's markets are becoming increasingly globalized

A Turbulent Global EnvironmentA Turbulent Global Environment

• Increasing interdependencies – due to the flow of goods and services, knowledge and financial capital across borders. Interdependencies make business environment complicated.

• Economic volatility – makes planning more difficult. Economic interconnections even more problematic during crises.

• Global interconnectedness – has increased competition in many industries. Hypercompetition – intense competition among firms, often

associated with technological innovation.

• Increasing interdependencies – due to the flow of goods and services, knowledge and financial capital across borders. Interdependencies make business environment complicated.

• Economic volatility – makes planning more difficult. Economic interconnections even more problematic during crises.

• Global interconnectedness – has increased competition in many industries. Hypercompetition – intense competition among firms, often

associated with technological innovation.

These factors make continuous innovation important!These factors make continuous innovation important!

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EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the process through which individuals, groups or firms pursue opportunities to create new value

Entrepreneurship is the process through which individuals, groups or firms pursue opportunities to create new value

Recognizing or creating an opportunityAssembling needed resourcesManaging resources to bring new venture into

being

Recognizing or creating an opportunityAssembling needed resourcesManaging resources to bring new venture into

being

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Strategic ThinkingStrategic Thinking

Strategic thinking is the term used to describe the creative aspects of strategic management

Strategic thinking is the term used to describe the creative aspects of strategic management

Focus on strategic intent Long-term orientationConsideration of past and presentSystems perspectiveAbility to seize unanticipated opportunities

Scientific approach

Focus on strategic intent Long-term orientationConsideration of past and presentSystems perspectiveAbility to seize unanticipated opportunities

Scientific approach