Chapter 1-The Science of Life The Biosphere

8 km above sea level and 11 km below sea level

What is biology?

The study of life (living and once living organisms).

Biologists can study on many different levels, from very broad to very specific.

Characteristics of Life

• Growth• Development. • Reproduction-Asexual & Sexual.• Obtain & use a source of Energy.• Adaptations – traits that aid in survival (over generations)• Respond to environment

Homeostasis-maintain a “steady state”.• Organized-All living things are composed of a single cell

or cells.

• Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism to carry out life functions.

Homeostasis- maintaining an internal balance regardless of

the external conditions.

biosphere = everywhere life exists

Biosphere

Biome

Ecosystem

Community

Population

Organism

Organ System

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Biologist even study smaller than cells….

They study what makes up those cells which are molecules and

atoms.

Ecology

• Study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment

Why is food necessary?

ENERGY!!!

• Troph stands for _________________

• ______________ stands for own

• ______________ stands for different

__ENERGY_______

__AUTO______

__HETERO______

Some organisms produce their own food-

Other organisms need to consume food-

PRODUCERS / AUTOTROPHS

CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHS

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

Starts with the autotrophs (producers)• organisms that convert energy from the

sun or chemicals to produce food

Photosynthesis

• Energy from sunlight is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen

Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

Sun’s

energy

Plants, Algae, Seaweeds, Cyanobacteria

There is also another method to produce food called

chemosynthesis

Instead of using sunlight, these bacteria use __________ to produce their own food.chemicals

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

Next energy goes to the Heterotrophs (consumers)

• Herbivores – eat plants• Carnivores – eat animals• Omnivores – eat both

Heterotrophs (cont.)

• Decomposers – break down organic matter and returns it to biosphere (bacteria and fungus)

Essential to every ecosystem!!!

NOTE- FUNGI (EXAMPLE- MUSHROOMS) ARE NOT PRODUCERS!!!!!

AGAIN, MUSHROOMS ARE NOT PLANTS!!!!!

Plants MAKE their own food. Fungi DO NOT MAKE their own food

Cellular Respiration

• Glucose, produced by producers is converted into a usable form of energy

• Producers & Consumers perform this process!

Food Chains

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy in the form of food from producers

through a series of consumers

Trophic Levels

Each step in the food chain.

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

5th

Trophic Levels

Food Webs

Link all of the food chains in an ecosystem into a complex network of energy transfers.

What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level?

Amount of energy passed on to the next

level.

Lost Energy

Lost Energy

What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level?

When an organism is consumed only a small amount of the initial energy can be passed on to the next organism. Most of the energy was used up in life processes (ex. growing and reproducing). This is why there are larger #s of organisms at the bottom/base of food chain and smaller #s towards the top/end.

NOTE: Matter/Nutrients are cycledEnergy is used and lost.

Rule of 10• Only 10% of the energy available to an

ecosystem is passed on to the next trophic level.

Energy Pyramid

=

Food/Energy Pyramids

Food web worksheet

Alike but Different

• All organisms share several characteristics

• Yet, Life is amazingly diverse-2 million sp.• Evolution is the change in organisms over

time, traits suited to their environment.• These traits which developaccording to an organisms DNAare called adaptations.

Levels of Organizationsmallest unit of living thingsgroup of similar cells organized to work together

group of different kinds of tissues working together

group of organs working together

one individual living thingall organisms of the same kind living in one area

all interacting populations in an ecosystem

all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area

Levels of Organizationsmallest unit of living thingsgroup of similar cells organized to work together

group of different kinds of tissues working together

group of organs working together

one individual living thingall organisms of the same kind living in one area

all interacting populations in an ecosystem

all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area

cell

Abiotic or Biotic?1.

Abiotic or Biotic?2.

Abiotic or Biotic?3.

Abiotic or Biotic?4.

Abiotic or Biotic?5.

Abiotic or Biotic?6.

Abiotic or Biotic?7.

Abiotic or Biotic?8.

Abiotic or Biotic?

9.

Abiotic or Biotic?10.

Ecosystem

includes all abiotic and biotic factors in one particular environment

Biotic Factors

the living parts of an ecosystem

Abiotic Factors

the nonliving parts of an ecosystem

Biotic FactorsBio

Bio means life

include plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms

biologybiostatisticsbiographybiotechnologybiospherebiomechanicsbioticbiofeedback

Examples of Biotic Factors

Abiotic Factors

include air, water, soil, temperature, wind, source of energy (usually sun)

A

a, an - not, without

atoxicamoralabioticatypical

Examples of Abiotic Factors

Community Interactions

There are four main types of relationships amongst organisms

• Predator-Prey: one organism eats the other3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships (a close association of two organisms of 2 diff organisms)• Mutualism

– Both species benefit from the relationship (+,+)• Commensalism

– One species benefits, the other gets nothing (+,0)• Parasitism

– One species benefits, the other is harmed (+,-)

Predator-Prey

Uh-oh

MutualismMutualism both species benefit from the relationship

Anemone fish in anemone

Plovers on crocodiles

Remora on shark

Birds and insects pollinating flowers

Ants tending aphids

CommensalismCommensalism One species benefits, the other gets no benefit nor harm

Barnacles on whales

Orchids in trees

Egrets on buffalo

ParasitismParasitism one organism lives on or inside of another for its nutrients

Louse

Ascaris roundworm

Loa loa roundworm

Taenia saginata tapeworm Wuchereria bancrofti and Elephantitis

Fleas

Levels of Organization