CHAPTER 1

THE SCIENCE OF

LIFE

Biology

Bio - life

Logy- the study of

Biology is the study of life or living things

Some branches of Biology include-

Microbiology, Marine Biology, Botany,

Zoology, Ecology

Organisms

An organism is a living thing such as plants

or animals

Characteristics of Living

Things

1. Made of cells

2. Organization- the high degree of order

within an organism’s internal and external

parts and in its interactions with the living

world

Pictures

More pictures

Tissue

Organ

OrganOrgan Systems

Characteristics of Living

Things

3. Respond to stimuli - a physical or

chemical change in the internal or external

environment.

4. Have the ability to reproduce

5. Uses energy for growth and

maintenance. (Metabolism)

Characteristics of Living

Things6. Growth and development. Organisms grow

by cell division and cell enlargement.

7. Have adaptations to help them survive and

carry out homeostasis.

8. Homeostasis – the ability to

maintain normal internal

conditions

Ex: sweating when it is hot to maintain 98°body temperature

HOG RACER

Homeostasis

Organized

Growth and development

Reproduce

Adaptations

Cells

Energy

Respond to stimuli

CHECK IT!

Turn your notes over and without looking, turn to your

table partner and together, come up with as many

parts of HOG RACER as you can. If you think you

have all 8 and can say them to the class, stand up as

quickly as possible!

Themes In Biology

1. Diversity and Unity of Life

a. Diversity or differences: there are

millions of species of organisms

Themes In Biology

b. Unity: features that all organisms have

in common (Ex: DNA and organelles)

Themes In Biology

c. Tree of Life Model: the relationships by

ancestry among organisms

Three Domains (Bacteria, Archaea, &

Eukarya)

Six Kingdoms (Bacteria, Archaea, Protists,

Plants, Fungi, and Animals)

Themes In Biology

2. Interdependence of Organismsa. Ecology: the

branch of biology

that studies

organisms

interacting with

each other and

the environment.Ex. Desert biome

Themes In Biology

b. Scientists can study a single species or

they may study ecosystems which are

environmental communities of living

species

Themes In Biology

3. Evolution of Life

a. Populations of living

organisms change over

time, or evolve.

b. Evolution is the process in

which inherited traits within

a population change over

many generations.

Evolution: Darwin’s Finches

Themes In Biologyc. According to the theory of evolution by

Natural Selection organisms with favorable

traits are better able to survive and

reproduce successfully than organisms that

lack these traits.

Themes In Biology

d. Adaptations are traits that improve an

organism’s ability to survive and

reproduce.

CHECK IT!

Turn your notes over and without looking, turn to your

table partner and together, briefly review the three

themes in biology.

Scientific Method

The scientific approach to solving a problem;

logical and orderly

The Steps

1. Define the problem

2. Collect information or data

a) Observation

b) Measurement

c) Scientific sampling

d) Organize data (graph/table)

3. Form a hypothesis; a proposed (possible) solution to the problem or an educated guess

The Steps

4. Design an experiment to test your

hypothesis

5. Analyze the data and form a conclusion

Analysis is done to determine whether data:

- support or refute a given hypothesis

- are reliable

The Steps

6. Data and conclusions are then

communicated to scientific peers and to the

public.

Ex: publishing results in scientific journal

Controlled Experiment

A controlled experiment compares an

experimental (test) group and a control group

and only has one variable

A control group provides a normal standard

against which the biologist can compare

results with the experimental group

Controlled Experiment

An experimental group is identical to the

control group except for one factor, the

manipulated or independent variable.

***Other variables that may affect the outcome of

the experiment should be the SAME in both

control and experimental groups

Review

Review Question # 1

Inference #1: Chocolate may cause pimples

Formal Hypothesis:

If you eat chocolate then you will get pimples.

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Review Question #2

Inference #2: Salt in soil may affect plant growth

Formal Hypothesis:

If there are high amounts of salt in plant soil then it will affect plant growth

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Review Question #3

Inference #3: Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light.

Formal Hypothesis:

If a plant is exposed to different color light then plant growth will be affected

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Review Question #4

Inference #4: Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature

Formal Hypothesis:

If bacteria is exposed to high temperatures then bacteria will grow at a faster rate

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Review Question #5

Inference #5: Ultraviolet light may cause skin cancer.

Formal Hypothesis:If you are exposed to high amounts of ultra

violet light then you are more prone to skin cancer.

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Review Question #6

Inference #6:Temerature may cause the leaves to change color.

Formal Hypothesis:

If leaves are exposed to varying temperatures then it will cause them to change color.

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Check It!

With your table partner, describe what a control group

is and what an experimental group is. Make your own

example of a controlled experiment. One partner stand

up if you are willing to share your example.

Metric System and Measurement

Tools and Techniques

Chapter 1

Section 4

Units of Measurement

What is

measurement? The process of determining

dimensions or the quantity

of something by comparing

it to a measurement unit.

The Metric System

The metric system is also called the International System of Units or SI

It is a single unified system that is used in nearly every country in the world.

This includes the scientific community

The English system uses feet, inches, pounds, and quarts.

The Metric System

Scientists use this system because

The units were derived scientifically.

The units are based on the powers of 10 so they are easier to convert from one unit to another.

What are the basic units of the Metric System?

Units of Measurement

* Length * Volume

* Time* Temperature

* Mass

Base Unit = Meter

Base Unit = Celsius

Base Unit = Second

Base Unit = Gram

Base Unit = Liter

KILO

1000

UnitsHECTO

100

Units

DEKA

10

UnitsDECI

0.1

UnitCENTI

0.01

UnitMILLI

0.001

Unit

Meter

s

Liters

Grams

Ladder Method

How do you use the “ladder” method?

1st – Determine your starting point.

2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending

point.

3rd – Move the decimal the same number

of jumps in the same direction.

4 km = _________ m

1

23

How many jumps does it take?

Starting

Point

Ending Point

4

.1

__

.2

__

.3

__

.= 4000 m

The Microscope

Scientist use microscopes to reveal details that

otherwise might be difficult or impossible to see

Biologist use them to study organisms and their parts

Simple Microscope

The simple microscope: a single lens

microscope is used to produce an enlarged

image.

Compound Microscope

Compound Microscope- shines light through specimen

and has at least two lenses to magnify an image.

Compound light microscopes can

magnify objects up to 2,000 times.

The Development of Light Microscopes

The Microscope To determine magnification (the increase of an

object’s apparent size), you multiply the:

ocular lens power X objective lens power =

power of magnification

Power of magnification is the degree of

enlargement (how many times will the object

be multiplied?)

The Microscope

Resolution is the ability of the microscope to

deliver a clear image

Using a light from a compound microscope limits

the resolution

**the higher the magnification the lower the

resolution

The electron microscope was invented in the 1940s.

This microscope uses

a beam of electrons to

magnify structures up

to 500,000 times their

actual size.

Development of Electron

Microscopes

Scanning Electron

Microscopes (SEM)

Scanning Electron Microscope - passes beams of electrons over the specimen’s surface and provides a 3D image that is magnified up to 100,000 times.

The scanning electron microscope scans the surface of cells to learn their three dimensional shape.

SEM Pictures – Ant Eye & Flea

Red Blood Cell, Platelet, & T-Lymphocyte

Pollen

Transmission Electron

Microscope (TEM)

Transmission Electron Microscope-transmits a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen.

Has great resolution of internal structures

Can magnify objects up to 200,000 times.

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows scientists to study the structures contained within a cell.

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Compound Light Microscope Electron Microscopes

1. beams of light beams of electrons

2. glass lenses electromagnetic lenses

3. view through ocular lenses

view on a florescent screen or photographic plate

4. can view living thingscan only view dead things

5. 2000X 500,000X

Father of Microscopy

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)

known to have made over 500

"microscopes," of which fewer

than ten have survived to the

present day. These typically

magnified between 20 to 30

times.

He discovered blood cells, and

was the first to see living sperm

cells of animals. He discovered

microscopic animals.

1. body tube - holds the eyepiece and

connects it to the objectives.

2. nosepiece – it holds the objectives.

3. low objective lens- 4x magnification

4. medium objective – 10x magnification

5. high objective – 40x magnification

6. stage clips - hold the slide in place.

7. diaphragm - controls the amount of light

going through the aperture.

8. light or mirror - makes the specimen easier

to see.

9. eyepiece - where you look through to see

the image of your specimen.

10. arm - part of the microscope that you

carry the microscope with.

11. stage - the specimen/slide is placed on

the stage for viewing.

12. coarse adjustment knob - used for

focusing the specimen

13. fine adjustment knob - used to fine-tune

the focus of your specimen after using the

coarse adjustment knob.