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Chapter 1The Human Body:
An Orientation
The Human Body – An The Human Body – An OrientationOrientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Anatomy – Levels of StudyAnatomy – Levels of Study
Gross AnatomyLarge structuresEasily observable
Microscopic AnatomyVery small structures
Levels of Structural OrganizationLevels of Structural Organization
Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview
IntegumentaryForms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
SkeletalProtects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Muscular
Allows locomotionMaintains postureProduces heat
Nervous
Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
EndocrineSecretes regulatory hormonesGrowthReproductionMetabolism
Cardiovascular
Made of blood vessels and the heart.
Transports gasses, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc through the body.
LymphaticReturns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Digestive
Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materialsWater /Electrolytes
Reproductive
Production of offspring
Necessary Life FunctionsNecessary Life Functions
Movement Maintain
Boundaries Responsivene
ss Digestion
Metabolism Excretion Reproductio
n Growth
Survival NeedsSurvival Needsn Nutrients
n Oxygen
Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
Maintaining HomeostasisMaintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
Receptor Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center
Control center
Determines set pointAnalyzes informationDetermines appropriate response
EffectornProvides a means for response to the stimulus
Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity
Works like a household thermostat
Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby