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Chapter 1The Field of Psychology
WHAT DO PSYCHOLOGISTS SAY
TO EACH OTHER WHEN THEY
MEET?
You're fine, how am I?
What is Psychology?• The scientific study of mental
processes and behavior
Psychology’s Roots
Definition of PsychologyThe science of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings)
Charles Darwin• Used animal studies to help us understand humans
Contemporary Psychology
Natural selection principle that those
inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Psychology’s Roots
Prescientific Psychology Is the mind connected
to the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is
the mind a blank slate filled by experience?
Nature vs Nature vs Nurture Debate Debate
Psychology’s Roots
Wilhelm Wundtopened the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (c. 1879)
Wundt developed the
term Introspection- Introspection- looking into yourself and telling what is there (e.g.
feelings).
Present Day Psychology
• Eclectic: the process of developing one’s own system by borrowing from other systems
• Careers in Psychology: counseling, school, environmental (environment and people), business, developmental, industrial (working conditions), engineering (systems and efficiency), experimental (research), teaching.
• Psychiatry vs. Psychology: Difference?
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL
Examining behavior in terms of physical changes that take place in the bodyBrain Chemicals,
Physiology. Charles Darwin
BIOPSYCHOLOGICAL
Examining behavior in terms of physical changes that take place in the bodyBrain Chemicals,
Physiology. Charles Darwin
BEHAVIORALPast associations and the environment are strongest
influences on behaviorLearned habits, reinforcement
and consequencesB.F. Skinner/John Watson
BEHAVIORALPast associations and the environment are strongest
influences on behaviorLearned habits, reinforcement
and consequencesB.F. Skinner/John Watson
PSYCHOANALYTICBehavior is controlled by
impulses below the surface of consciousness
Sex, aggression, conflict, guilt,unconscious, Sigmund Freud
PSYCHOANALYTICBehavior is controlled by
impulses below the surface of consciousness
Sex, aggression, conflict, guilt,unconscious, Sigmund FreudHUMANISTIC
Environment and human nature work together to mold behavior
Inner world, self, personal growth, internal strength, patientunderstanding, positive.
Maslow, Rogers
HUMANISTICEnvironment and human nature work together to mold behavior
Inner world, self, personal growth, internal strength, patientunderstanding, positive.
Maslow, Rogers
COGNITIVEBehavior is a product of internal
thought processesThinking, logical plans
Jean Piaget
COGNITIVEBehavior is a product of internal
thought processesThinking, logical plans
Jean Piaget
SOCIOCULTURALBehavior strongly
influenced by rules and expectations of
specific social groupsCultural InfluenceSocial Pressures
SOCIOCULTURALBehavior strongly
influenced by rules and expectations of
specific social groupsCultural InfluenceSocial Pressures 6 major
approaches to the study of present-day psychology
6 major approaches to the study of present-day psychology
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
Psychosexual Development
• Oral-feeding, sensing• Anal-toilet training• Phallic-girls envy
boys, guilt over fantasies develop
• Latency- interlude for other learning
• Genital-lasts throughout lifetime
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Stage Focus
Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing
Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for
control
Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings
Latency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)
Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)