CHAPTER 1

TERMS

– ANATOMY– PHYSIOLOGY

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS

• SUBATOMIC PARTICLES• ATOM• MOLECULE• MACROMOLECULE• ORGANELLLE• CELL• TISSUE• ORGAN• ORGAN SYSTEM• ORGANISM

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=negative+feedback+homoestasis&qpvt=negative+feedback+homoestasis&FORM=Z7FD&adlt=strict#focal=5182e5191b5a22c5dfcfd4253748aefd&furl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.augustatech.edu%2Fanatomy%2Fch1fig1.gif

http://coldwater.k12.mi.us/nicholsk/courses/chs/Ana/levelorg.htm

REQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE

• WATER• FOOD• OXYGEN• HEAT

HOMEOSTASIS

• THE BODY’S MAINTENANCE OF A STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONEMENT

• USES MOST OF OUR ENERGY• WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM

• RECEPTORS• CONTROL CENTER

– SET POINT• EFFECTORS

CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS

• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

INSULIN RELEASED

GLUCOSE STORED AS GLYCOGEN INLIVER AND MUSCLECELLS

GLUCAGON RELEASED

GLYCOGEN BROKEN DOWNAND RELEASED ASGLUCOSE

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

• DISEASE• NURSING

BODY CAVITIES

CRANIAL

SPINAL

THORACIC

PLEURALPERICARDIAL

DIAPHRAGM

ABDOMINAL

PELVIC

ABDOMINALPELVIC

VENTRAL

DORSAL

http://www.anatomycorner.com/intro/body_cavities.html

CRANIAL

DORSAL

SPINAL

THORACIC

DIAPHRAGM

ABDOMINAL

PELVIC

http://www.anatomycorner.com/intro/body_cavities.html

PLANES OF THE BODY

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3047/2634150803_d13273f95c.jpg

MEMBRANES

• SEROUS– PARIETAL– VISCERAL

ORGAN SYSTEMS

• BODY COVERING– INTEGUMENTARYSUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

SKELETALMUSCULAR

INTEGRATION AND COORDINATIONNERVOUSENDOCRINE

• TRANSPORT– CARDIOVASCULAR– LYMPHATICABSORPTION AND EXCRETION

DIGESTIVERESPIRATORYURINARY

REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTIVE

TEN CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL LIFE

• MOVEMENT• RESPONSIVENESS• GROWTH• REPRODUCTION• DIGESTION• ABSORPTION• CIRCULATION• RESPIRATION• ASSIMILATION• EXCRETION

LIFE SPAN CHANGES

CELL CHANGESLIMITED AMOUNT OF MITOSISIMPAIRED REPRODUCTION

• INAPPROPRIATE CELL DIVISIONS• TISSUE CHANGES

– LESS COLLAGEN AND ELASTIN– MORE FATORGAN CHANGES

LIPOFUSCHIN AND CEROID PIGMENTS INCREASEMETABOLIC SLOWDOWN

CENTENARIANS

CHAPTER 2CHEMISTRY

TERMS

• BULK, TRACE, ULTRA-TRACE• ATOMIC NUMBER; WEIGHT;• ISOTOPE• MOLECULE; MOLECULAR FORMULA• BONDING: OCTET RULE; IONIC, COVALENT;

IONS: CATIONS, ANIONS; POLAR;• STRUCTURAL FORMULA

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• SYNTHESIS– A + B AB

• DECOMPOSITION– AB A + B

• EXCHANGE– AB + CD AD + CB

• REVERSIBLE– A + B AB

ACIDS, BASES, SALTS

• ELECTROLYTES• ACIDS• BASES• SALTS

– HCl H + Cl– NaOH Na + OH– HCl + NaOH H20 + NaClpH

INORGANIC SUBSTANCES

• WATER• OXYGEN• CARBON DIOXIDE• INORGANIC SALTS

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• CARBOHYDRATES– ENERGY; STRUCTURE– C; H; O; 2:H FOR 1:O– MONOMER: MONOSACCHARIDE– MONO-; DI-; POLY-

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• LIPIDS– ENERGY; ENERGY STORAGE; SYNTHESIS– C; H; O; MANY H PER O– MONOMER: FATTY ACIDS, GLYCEROL– FATS; TRIGLYCERIDES; WAXES; OILS;

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• PROTEIN– STRUCTURE; ENZYMES; ANTIBODIES; HORMONES;– C; H; O; N; SOME S– MONOMER: AMINO ACIDS– THOUSANDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• NUCLEIC ACIDS– GENES; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS– C; H; O; PHOPHATE– MONOMER: NUCLEOTIDE:

• SUGAR (5C)• PHOSPHATE GROUP• NITROGEN BASE DNA; RNA (m, t, r)