CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

SECTION 2: SECTION 2:

THE EUROPEAN WORLDTHE EUROPEAN WORLD

EUROPEANSEUROPEANS

• DRIVEN BY A DESIRE FOR WEALTH & A SENSE OF DUTY TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

THE EARLY THE EARLY MIDDLE AGESMIDDLE AGES

• AD 500- 1300 MEDIEVAL PERIOD• EUROPEAN INVASIONS

– GERMAN FRANKS SETTLED ACROSS EUROPE

– FROM THE NORTH VIKINGS LOOTED & BURNED VILLAGES

– MUSLIMS SOUGHT TO SPREAD THEIR RELIGION

FEUDALISMFEUDALISM

• TO PROTECT THEMSELVES AGAINST THESE THREATS, EUROPEANS CREATED FEUDALISM.

• POWERFUL NOBLE OR LORD DIVIDED HIS LARGE LANDHOLDINGS AMONG LESS LORDS, WHO IN RETURN OWED HIM MILITARY SERVICE & OTHER SERVICES

• BASIS WAS THE MANOR (LARGE ESTATE OF THE LORD)

• PEASANTS (SERFS) FARMED THE LAND & GAVE THEIR LORD A PORTION OF THE HARVEST IN EXCHANGE FOR SHELTER & PROTECTION

– FORBIDDEN TO LEAVE

• MANOR PRODUCED EVERYTHING A FEUDAL SOCIETY NEEDED AS A RESULT EUROPEAN FOREIGN TRADE DIED OUT

MEDIEVAL RELIGIONMEDIEVAL RELIGION• ROMAN CATHOLIC GOVERED THE

SPIRITUAL LIFE OF MEDIEVAL CHRISTIANS.

• POPE HAD AUTHORITY OVER EMPERORS & KINGS

• CLERGY PERFORMED RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES, OWNED LARGE PLOTS OF LAND & WERE LORDS OF MANORS

• CLERGYS POWER CAME FROM THE FACT THEY WERE THE ONLY EDUCATED PEOPLE IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE.

• EVERY CHRISTIAN WAS EXPECTED TO SHOW UNQUESTIONING OBEDIENCE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY

THE LATE MIDDLE AGESTHE LATE MIDDLE AGES

• AROUND THE YEAR 1000

• NEW FARMING METHODS LED TO MORE POPULATION & COMPETITION FOR LAND

• NEW TRADE ROUTES TO ASIA

THE THE CRUSADESCRUSADES

• MUSLIM EMPIRE POWER GREW.

• 1077- MUSLIMS FROM TURKEY SEIZED JERUSALEM.

• 1096-1291 CHURCH ORGANIZED A SERIES OF MILITARY CAMPAIGNS TO TAKE JERUSALEM BACK (FAILED)

• THE CRUSADES REAL IMPACT- INCREASED EUROPEAN AWARENESS OF THE WORLD BEYOND THEIR BORDERS & ACCELERATED ECONOMIC CHANGE

• CRUSADERS BROUGHT BACK SPICES, PERFUMES, FABRICS FROM ASIA

• 1271- MARCO POLO WENT TO CHINA– WROTE ABOUT HIS EXPERIENCES THAT SENT

EUROPEAN MERCHANTS SCRAMBLING TO SET UP TRADING MISSIONS TO THE EAST.

THE GROWTH OF CITIESTHE GROWTH OF CITIES

• MERCHANTS SOLD THEIR FOREIGN GOODS AT FARES SET UP ALONG WATER & TRADE ROUTES

• GROWTH OF CITIES AND TRADE IN EUROPE HAD 3 MAJOR EFFECTS.

• THREE EFFECTS–CREATED A MIDDLE CLASS–REVIVED A MONEY

ECONOMY–CONTRIBUTED TO THE

EVENTUAL BREAKDOWN OF THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

THE RISE OF THE RISE OF MONARCHSMONARCHS• EUROPES GROWING WEALTH INCREASED THE

POWER OF THE MONARCHS. (THOSE WHO RULE OVER A STATE OR TERRITORY)

• ATTRACTED THE LOYALTY OF THE MIDDLE CLASS BY PROTECTING TRADE ROUTES & KEEPING THE PEACE

• OFTEN LED TO CLASHES BETWEEN KINGS OR NOBLES

• KING JOHN OF ENGLAND WAS FORCED TO SIGN

THE MAGNA CARTA IN 1215 “GREAT CHARTER”

GREAT CHARTERGREAT CHARTER

• NOT ONLY SHAPED BRITISH LAW AND GOVERNMENT BUT BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR FUTURE AMERICAN IDEALS OF LIBERTY AND JUSTICE.

THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIESTHE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES

• NEEDED PEOPLE TO RUN GOVERNMENTS OR IN CHURCH

• ANCIENT WRITINGS WERE TRANSLATED INTO LATIN

• THESE WERE THE BEGINNINGS OF A CULTURAL REVOLUTION SOON TO SWEEP THE CONTINENT.

THE “BLACK DEATH”THE “BLACK DEATH”

• 1300’S “THE PLAGUE”• KILLED 1/3 OF EUROPE’S

POPULATION• CARRIED BY FLEAS ON RATS• CAUSED STARVATION, RIOTS, &

ECONOMIC COLLAPSE• CAME A LOSS OF RELIGIOUS

FAITH, PEOPLE BEGAN DOUBTING CHURCH TEACHINGS

THE RENAISSANCETHE RENAISSANCE

• “REBIRTH”

• ENORMOUS CREATIVITY & RAPID CHANGE

• THE PURSUIT OF LEARNING

–QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE (ART, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY, ECONOMICS, & POLITICAL THOUGHT)

• MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, & SHAKESPEARE

• BROUGHT ORDER & UNITY TO EUROPE

• BEGAN USING REASON & EXPERIMENTATION TO UNDERSTAND THE PHYSICAL WORLD

CULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALYCULTURAL CHANGES IN ITALY

• THE RENAISSANCE FLOURISHED IN THE CITIES OF NORTHERN ITALY.

A GOLDEN AGEA GOLDEN AGE

• 1400’S AND 1500’S

• RENAISSANCE ART EXPLORED THE PHYSICAL WORLD & THE INDIVIDUAL ROLE IN IT

• THIS CORE PHILOSOPHY OF THE PERIOD IS CALL

–HUMANISM

THE PRINTING PRESSTHE PRINTING PRESS

• JOHANN GUTENBERG

–FIRST BOOK WAS THE BIBLE

–COMMUNICATION REVOLUTION

• 200 MILLION BOOKS CAME OFF EUROPEAN PRESS

THE REFORMATIONTHE REFORMATION

• 1517- MARTIN LUTHER LED THE REFORMATION

–DECLARED THE BIBLE WAS THE TRUE AUTHORITY

• PROTESTANTS- PROTESTED CATHOLIC AUTHORITY

THE RISE OF NATIONSTHE RISE OF NATIONS

• GOVERNMENT BY LOCAL NOBLES & THE CHURCH DECLINED

• EUROPE THOUGHT OF THEMSELVES AS MEMBERS OF NATIONS

SEAFARING TECHNOLOGYSEAFARING TECHNOLOGY

• COMPETITION FOR ASIAN TRADE

• 1400- ONLY WAY TO REACH ASIA WAS TO REACH BY LAND

• NEW TECHNOLOGY- COMPASS, ASTROLABE (ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky) & QUADRANT

PORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEASPORTUGAL TAKES TO THE SEAS

• 1418- PRINCE HENRY – “THE NAVIGATOR” ESTABLISHED A MARINERS

SCHOOLS

• DEVELOPED THE CARAVEL, THE FINAL TOOL FOR LON RANGE VOYAGES. COULD SAIL WITH THE WIND AND AGAINST IT.

• 1488- BARTHOLOMEU DIAS SAILED AROUND THE SOUTHERN TIP OF AFRICA “CAPE OF GOOD HOPE”

• 1497- VASCO DA GAMA SAILED TO INDIA. THE FIRST SEA ROUTE FROM EUROPE TO

ASIA WAS OPEN.

                                                       

COMPETITION TO THE SEASCOMPETITION TO THE SEAS

• FERDINAND & ISABELLA OF SPAIN

– LAUNCHED THE INQUISITION

• CAMPAIGN BASED ON RACIAL PREJUDICE

• GOAL WAS TO DISCOVER & PUNISH JEWS & MUSLIMS WHO WERE POSING AS CHRISTIANS

• 1492- ALL JEWS REFUSING TO BE BAPTIZED WERE EXPELLED FROM SPAIN

• GOALS

–SURPASS PORTGUAL IN THE SEA RACE

–BRING CHRISTIANITY TO NEW LANDS