Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Introduction to

ChemistryChemistry

Chem 2Chem 2

Chemistry 1.1Chemistry 1.1

What is Chemistry?What is Chemistry? Study of the composition of matter Study of the composition of matter

and the changes that matter and the changes that matter undergoesundergoes

Matter – anything that has mass Matter – anything that has mass and occupies spaceand occupies space

THUS… Chemistry affects all THUS… Chemistry affects all aspects of life b/c living and aspects of life b/c living and nonliving things are made of nonliving things are made of mattermatter

Areas of StudyAreas of Study

1.1. Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry Study of all chemicals containing CStudy of all chemicals containing C Ex: might help develop an inhalerEx: might help develop an inhaler

2.2. Inorganic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry Study of chemicals not containing CStudy of chemicals not containing C Found mainly in non-living thingsFound mainly in non-living things Ex: might explain Ca affects bonesEx: might explain Ca affects bones

3.3. BiochemistryBiochemistry Study of the processes that take place in organismsStudy of the processes that take place in organisms Ex: muscle contraction and digestionEx: muscle contraction and digestion

4.4. Analytical ChemistryAnalytical Chemistry Study that focuses on the composition of matterStudy that focuses on the composition of matter Ex: tests lead in water/ detect chemicals in bloodEx: tests lead in water/ detect chemicals in blood

5.5. Physical ChemistryPhysical Chemistry Studies the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that Studies the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that

occurs when matter undergoes a changeoccurs when matter undergoes a change Ex: might study breathing factors that affect breathing rate’Ex: might study breathing factors that affect breathing rate’ Investigate the underlying scientist principles behind the Investigate the underlying scientist principles behind the

changes that occur in matterchanges that occur in matter Quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, kinetic molecular theory, Quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, kinetic molecular theory,

and reaching mechanismsand reaching mechanisms Does bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?Does bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

Pure and Applied SciencePure and Applied Science

Pure – researching fundamental Pure – researching fundamental aspects of chemistry - no aspects of chemistry - no immediate practical use of immediate practical use of knowledgeknowledge

Applied – looking for an Applied – looking for an application in chemistryapplication in chemistry

Pure can lead to appliedPure can lead to applied Applied can exist before Applied can exist before

research is done to explainresearch is done to explain

NYLONNYLON

Unsure of structure of cotton and silk Unsure of structure of cotton and silk for yearsfor years

Hermann Staudinger proposed the Hermann Staudinger proposed the structurestructure

Wallace Carothers did experiments Wallace Carothers did experiments to test proposalto test proposal Produced materials that don’t exist in Produced materials that don’t exist in

naturenature Applied ResearchApplied Research What material found in nature does What material found in nature does

nylon resemble?nylon resemble?

Aspirin… Did you know?Aspirin… Did you know? Dr. Lawrence CravenDr. Lawrence Craven 1940s1940s Used in gum which was proscribed Used in gum which was proscribed

after tonsillectomyafter tonsillectomy Caused excess bleeding in childrenCaused excess bleeding in children

HypothesizedHypothesized – prevent blood from – prevent blood from clottingclotting

Prescribed to prevent heart attacksPrescribed to prevent heart attacks 1985 – FDA approved for those who 1985 – FDA approved for those who

suffered a heart attacksuffered a heart attack 1996 – FDA proposes using with a 1996 – FDA proposes using with a

suspected attacksuspected attack 1997 –recommended daily dose for 1997 –recommended daily dose for

those at high riskthose at high risk

TechnologyTechnology

Means by which society Means by which society provides people with needs and provides people with needs and desiresdesires

Ex: nylon and aspirinEx: nylon and aspirin How does technology influence How does technology influence

your life? your life? How could you improve your How could you improve your

daily schedule with technology?daily schedule with technology?

Why are you in Chem 2?????Why are you in Chem 2?????

What do you want to do when What do you want to do when you grow up?you grow up?

Consider what kind of activates Consider what kind of activates your future career will involve. your future career will involve. Think of ways that knowledge of Think of ways that knowledge of chemistry would be helpful for chemistry would be helpful for your career. your career.

Why Study Chemistry?Why Study Chemistry?

Can be used to explain the Can be used to explain the natural world, prepares people natural world, prepares people for future careers, and helps for future careers, and helps educate citizenseducate citizens

Explaining the Natural WorldExplaining the Natural World Preparing for a careerPreparing for a career Being an Informed CitizenBeing an Informed Citizen

Chemistry Far and Wide – 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide – 1.2

1)Why would the carved mussel shells attract fish?

2) Why was woven cloth more desirable than animal skins?

MATERIALSMATERIALS For specific needsFor specific needs George de Mestral (1948)George de Mestral (1948)

Hiking Hiking burrs burrs magnifying glass magnifying glass tiny hooks to latch on loopstiny hooks to latch on loops

Patented (1955) hook-and-loop tapes in Patented (1955) hook-and-loop tapes in things like shoes and glovesthings like shoes and gloves

Macroscopic – objects large enough Macroscopic – objects large enough to see with the unaided eyeto see with the unaided eye

Microscopic – can only be seen Microscopic – can only be seen under magnificationunder magnification

ENERGYENERGY Necessary to heat buildings, manufacture Necessary to heat buildings, manufacture

products, for food, transportationproducts, for food, transportation Two ways to meet energy demands:Two ways to meet energy demands:

1.1. Conservation Conservation Insulation – barrier to heat flowInsulation – barrier to heat flow

AIR - AIR - GOOD BARRIER OF THERMAL ENERGY GOOD BARRIER OF THERMAL ENERGY AS LONG AS AIR IS NOT MOVING… fiberglass AS LONG AS AIR IS NOT MOVING… fiberglass – air trapped by thin fibers woven together– air trapped by thin fibers woven together

SEAgel – foam made from seaweed – Figure 1.7SEAgel – foam made from seaweed – Figure 1.72.2. ProductionProduction

Burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas = Burning of coal, petroleum, and natural gas = fossil fuels (remains of ancient plants and fossil fuels (remains of ancient plants and animals--- organic chem---limited resources)animals--- organic chem---limited resources)

Biodiesel – oil from soybeans, vegetable oils, and Biodiesel – oil from soybeans, vegetable oils, and animal fats (smells like french fries when animal fats (smells like french fries when burned!!)burned!!) Can replace regular diesel fuel, a petroleum Can replace regular diesel fuel, a petroleum

product, that produces black exhaustproduct, that produces black exhaust StorageStorage

Batteries – use chemicals to store energy Batteries – use chemicals to store energy released as electric currentreleased as electric current

Medicine and BiotechnologyMedicine and Biotechnology Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials, Chemistry supplies the medicines, materials,

and technology that doctors use to treat their and technology that doctors use to treat their patientspatients

Work often done by biochemistWork often done by biochemist MedicinesMedicines

Over 2000 prescription drugsOver 2000 prescription drugs Interact with chemicals in cellsInteract with chemicals in cells Need knowledge of structure and function of target Need knowledge of structure and function of target

chemicalschemicals MaterialsMaterials

Repair or replace body partsRepair or replace body parts BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Human Genome Project Human Genome Project 1990 – 2003: ID genes 1990 – 2003: ID genes that comprise human DNA (30,000)that comprise human DNA (30,000)

Segments of DNA are called genes (store the info Segments of DNA are called genes (store the info that controls cells)that controls cells)

Can alter DNACan alter DNA Produce insulinProduce insulin

AgricultureAgriculture Population increasing, land available to Population increasing, land available to

grow food is decreasinggrow food is decreasing Land needs to be productiveLand needs to be productive

ProductivityProductivity Measure amt of edible food to unit of landMeasure amt of edible food to unit of land What would decrease productivity?What would decrease productivity? Test soilTest soil biotechnology to develop drought biotechnology to develop drought

resistant/insect resistant plantsresistant/insect resistant plants Jellyfish – gene to glow Jellyfish – gene to glow insert into insert into

potato plant potato plant plant glows when in need plant glows when in need of water of water altered plant removed before altered plant removed before harvestharvest

Crop ProtectionCrop Protection Non-specific pest chemicalsNon-specific pest chemicals New, specific chemicalsNew, specific chemicals

The EnvironmentThe Environment New technologies New technologies leads to leads to

pollutants (material found in air, pollutants (material found in air, water, or soil that is harmful to water, or soil that is harmful to humans or the environment)humans or the environment)

ID PollutantsID Pollutants LeadLead

Romans used lead pipes = brain damage = Romans used lead pipes = brain damage = Roman rulers make bad decisions = fall of Roman rulers make bad decisions = fall of Roman empireRoman empire

1971 study = harmful lead level is lower than 1971 study = harmful lead level is lower than once believedonce believed

Affects nervous systemAffects nervous system

Prevent PollutionPrevent Pollution Lead paint banned in 1978Lead paint banned in 1978 Gasoline in public water supply systems Gasoline in public water supply systems

banned in 1986banned in 1986

The UniverseThe Universe Stars = analyze the light they Stars = analyze the light they

transmittransmit Pierre Janssen – 1868 – Pierre Janssen – 1868 –

discovered He on the sundiscovered He on the sun Moon and planets do not emit Moon and planets do not emit

lightlight Chemist gather data from afar and Chemist gather data from afar and

analyze matter that is brought analyze matter that is brought backback

Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society Nature’s PharmacyNature’s Pharmacy

Ingredients extracted from plants Ingredients extracted from plants then chemist isolated active then chemist isolated active ingredients, the effective ingredientingredients, the effective ingredient 11stst active ingredient was morphine in active ingredient was morphine in

18041804 40% all medicines from plants or 40% all medicines from plants or

animalsanimals After ID, modify to make After ID, modify to make

stronger/weakerstronger/weaker Are the chemicals derived from Are the chemicals derived from

plants and animals organic or plants and animals organic or inorganic?inorganic?

Technology and Society Technology and Society Continued…Continued…

Foxglove – Foxglove – Digitalis purpureaDigitalis purpurea Produces poison that we use in small Produces poison that we use in small

doses to treat congestive heart failure doses to treat congestive heart failure by making heart cells contract with more by making heart cells contract with more powerpower

Willow Bark – Willow Bark – Salix babylonicaSalix babylonica Made tea to treat headachesMade tea to treat headaches 1928 – isolated active ingredient in bark1928 – isolated active ingredient in bark Produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)Produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Cinchona tree – Cinchona tree – Cinchona succirubra Cinchona succirubra Bark used to treat malaria (disease with Bark used to treat malaria (disease with

fever and chills – can cause death)fever and chills – can cause death)

Technology and Society Technology and Society Continued…Continued…

Death Stalker Scorpion – Death Stalker Scorpion – Leurus quinquestriatusLeurus quinquestriatus Venom in tail –blocks the chloride channels in glioma cancer cells Venom in tail –blocks the chloride channels in glioma cancer cells

in the brain – keeps the cells from shrinking and migratingin the brain – keeps the cells from shrinking and migrating Why does the death stalker scorpion produces venom?Why does the death stalker scorpion produces venom?

Vampire bat – Vampire bat – Desmodus rotundusDesmodus rotundus Bites prey Bites prey releases chemical to prevent clotting = dr. use to releases chemical to prevent clotting = dr. use to

dissolve blood clots causing strokesdissolve blood clots causing strokes Bats found in Central and South AmericaBats found in Central and South America Medicine derived is called DraculinMedicine derived is called Draculin

Cone Snail – Cone Snail – Conus striatusConus striatus Toxins paralyze the preyToxins paralyze the prey More than 500 species, each produces venom with 50 – 200 More than 500 species, each produces venom with 50 – 200

toxinstoxins Used to treat epilepsy, schizophrenia, and stokeUsed to treat epilepsy, schizophrenia, and stoke Looking to use for chronic pain, nervous system disordersLooking to use for chronic pain, nervous system disorders

Poinson Dart Frogs – Poinson Dart Frogs – Dendrobates eticulatusDendrobates eticulatus Poison from eaten food (ants, mites, millipedes, and other Poison from eaten food (ants, mites, millipedes, and other

arthropods) collect in skinarthropods) collect in skin Use to study human nervous systemUse to study human nervous system Drug as powerful as morphine that is not addictiveDrug as powerful as morphine that is not addictive Why do you think that it produces venom?Why do you think that it produces venom?

Can be harmfulCan be harmful Ephedra – contains ephedrine – leads to increases blood Ephedra – contains ephedrine – leads to increases blood

pressure, abnormal heart ratespressure, abnormal heart rates

Thinking Like A Scientist – 1.3Thinking Like A Scientist – 1.3

What made Fleming different from other scientist who had seen this mold?

AlchemyAlchemy the word chemistry comes from alchemy – the word chemistry comes from alchemy –

alchemists studied matter long before chemistalchemists studied matter long before chemist HistoryHistory

Practiced in china & India in 400 B.C.Practiced in china & India in 400 B.C. 1818thth century – Arabs brought to Spain century – Arabs brought to Spain spread to spread to

EuropeEurope 2 types2 types

Practical - Worked with metals, glass, and dyesPractical - Worked with metals, glass, and dyes Mystical - Looked for ways to change other metals Mystical - Looked for ways to change other metals

into gold (spur development of chem)into gold (spur development of chem) Developed process for separating mixtures and Developed process for separating mixtures and

purifying chemicalspurifying chemicals Designed beakers, flasks, tongs, and funnelsDesigned beakers, flasks, tongs, and funnels Do you know the name Nicolas Flamel from Harry Do you know the name Nicolas Flamel from Harry

Potter? Flamel wrote books about the Potter? Flamel wrote books about the philospopher’s stone, which people believe could philospopher’s stone, which people believe could change base metals into goldchange base metals into gold

An Experimental Approach to An Experimental Approach to ScienceScience

1500s, shift from alchemy to science1500s, shift from alchemy to science Flourished in the 1600s b/c King Charles II supported Flourished in the 1600s b/c King Charles II supported

sciencescience Formed Royal Society of London for the Promotion of Formed Royal Society of London for the Promotion of

Natural KnowledgeNatural Knowledge Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – late 1700s – revolutionized Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – late 1700s – revolutionized

chemistrychemistry Changed from observation to measurementChanged from observation to measurement Developed balance that could measure to the nearest Developed balance that could measure to the nearest

0.0005 grams0.0005 grams Also settle debate of how materials burnAlso settle debate of how materials burn

People said burned b/c they contain phlogiston, which is People said burned b/c they contain phlogiston, which is released into the air released into the air Had to ignore that metals can gain Had to ignore that metals can gain mass as they burnmass as they burn

Lavoisier’s experiment = found 2 main gases in the air: Lavoisier’s experiment = found 2 main gases in the air: oxygen and nitrogenoxygen and nitrogen

Oxygen required for materials to burnOxygen required for materials to burn FYI: Lavoisier was a member of the royal taxation FYI: Lavoisier was a member of the royal taxation

commission and this made him a target of the French commission and this made him a target of the French Revolution = he was arrested, tried, and beheaded in Revolution = he was arrested, tried, and beheaded in 17941794

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

Logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem

Scientific MethodScientific Method1.1. Make ObservationsMake Observations

Use your senses to obtain infoUse your senses to obtain info Can lead to a questionCan lead to a question

2.2. Test HypothesesTest Hypotheses Hypothesis - Proposed explanation for an Hypothesis - Proposed explanation for an

observationobservation If results do not fit hypothesis, hyposthesis must be If results do not fit hypothesis, hyposthesis must be

changedchanged Experiment – procedure that tests hypothesisExperiment – procedure that tests hypothesis Manipulated Variable (IV) – I CHANGEManipulated Variable (IV) – I CHANGE Responding Variable (DV) – depends on IV – what Responding Variable (DV) – depends on IV – what

you are watchingyou are watching Developing TheoriesDeveloping Theories

Once hypothesis meets dataOnce hypothesis meets data Theory – well-tested explanation for broad set of Theory – well-tested explanation for broad set of

obervationsobervations Helps form a mental picture of objects you cannot Helps form a mental picture of objects you cannot

seesee Helps predict behaviorHelps predict behavior

LawsLaws Concise statement that summarizes the results of Concise statement that summarizes the results of

many observations and experimentsmany observations and experiments Law doesn’t explain relationship it describes, need Law doesn’t explain relationship it describes, need

theory to explaintheory to explain

Have you ever been part of a team? Have you ever been part of a team? Teamwork increases likelihood of Teamwork increases likelihood of

successful outcomesuccessful outcome CollaborationCollaboration

Too difficult for 1 person/groupToo difficult for 1 person/group Bring from different disciplinesBring from different disciplines

Profit for industry from university researchProfit for industry from university research Conflicts do arise: use of resources, time, credit, Conflicts do arise: use of resources, time, credit,

publishingpublishing CommunicationCommunication

Letters, societies, publish journalsLetters, societies, publish journals Work as a teamWork as a team Scientific journals (most reliable)Scientific journals (most reliable)

Articles published only after being reviewed by Articles published only after being reviewed by expertsexperts

Not well founded, then not publishedNot well founded, then not published InternetInternet

Advantages? Advantages? Disadvantages?Disadvantages?

Choose an everyday type of Choose an everyday type of problem and explain how you problem and explain how you would use the scientific method would use the scientific method to solve the problem.to solve the problem.

Problem Solving in ChemistryProblem Solving in Chemistry1.41.4

What is the most effective way to solve problems?

Skills used in Solving Skills used in Solving ProblemsProblems

You use these skills everyday – You use these skills everyday – when? How?when? How?

You may use a data table, a You may use a data table, a graph, or visual referencegraph, or visual reference

Effective problem solving Effective problem solving involves planning and involves planning and implementing that planimplementing that plan

Numerical ProblemsNumerical Problems 3 steps3 steps

1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze Determine what is know and the unknownDetermine what is know and the unknown Determine unitsDetermine units Make a planMake a plan

Draw a diagramDraw a diagram

2.2. CalculateCalculate Convert a measurement if necessaryConvert a measurement if necessary

3.3. EvaluateEvaluate Reasonable? Copy data corectly? Right Reasonable? Copy data corectly? Right

equation?equation? Check your answerCheck your answer Sig Figs? Sig Figs? Scientific notation?Scientific notation?

Sample Problem 1.1 and Practice Sample Problem 1.1 and Practice ProblemsProblems

Solving Conceptual ProblemsSolving Conceptual Problems

Not every problem requires Not every problem requires calculationscalculations

Nonnumerica problems are Nonnumerica problems are labled conceptual problemslabled conceptual problems

1.1. AnalyzeAnalyze

2.2. SolveSolve