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Man is the maker of his own happiness..
ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT
Continuous assessment:Continuous assessment: Quizzes Quizzes 10% 10% Lab report Lab report 10% 10% Mid Semester Exam 20%Mid Semester Exam 20% Final Semester Exam 60%Final Semester Exam 60%
TEAM TEACHINGTEAM TEACHING
LECTURERS:LECTURERS: PN MAHANI MAHADIPN MAHANI MAHADI PROF DR NASARUDDIN AZIZPROF DR NASARUDDIN AZIZ PN SHAMIMA ABDUL RAHMANPN SHAMIMA ABDUL RAHMAN
TEACHING PLANTEACHING PLANTOPICS DETAILS ASSESSMENT
1 Introduction to General Pathology
2 Tissue response to injury
3 Inflammation
4 Degeneration & Necrosis
5 Repair and Healing
6 Shock and Edema
MID SEMESTER EXAM
7 Blood vessel abnormalities
8 Artherosclerosis
9 Amyloidosis and lipid pathology
10 Pigment, ageing and calcification
11 Neoplasia
12 Blood disorder
13 Genetic disorder
14 Radiation pathology
15 Polygenic disease
SynopsisSynopsis
i.Give basic knowledge about common diseases.
ii.Highlight the basic concepts & principles of tissues response to injury
iii.Understanding of common diseases and clinical terminology
iv.Emphasize the relationship between the cause, lesion & sign in disease that can be observed grossly & microscopically.
References : References :
1.1. Susan A.D, Sunil R.Lakhani and Caroline J F, Susan A.D, Sunil R.Lakhani and Caroline J F, (2009).Basic Pathology; an introduction to the (2009).Basic Pathology; an introduction to the mechanisms of disease. Charon Tec Ltd.mechanisms of disease. Charon Tec Ltd.
2.2. Harsh Mohan. Harsh Mohan. Textbook ofTextbook of PathologyPathology. (2009) . (2009) Jaypee.Jaypee.
3.3. Rubin, E., (2009), Rubin, E., (2009), Essential PathologyEssential Pathology, , Lippincott Williams & Walkins, Philadelphia.Lippincott Williams & Walkins, Philadelphia.
4.4. Chandrasoma , P. & Taylor, C.R. (2001). Chandrasoma , P. & Taylor, C.R. (2001). Concise pathologyConcise pathology. London : Mc Graw Hill. London : Mc Graw Hill
CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PATHOLOGYGENERAL PATHOLOGY
Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, students should be able At the end of this lecture, students should be able to :to :
1.1. Describe the division of pathologyDescribe the division of pathology
2.2. Describe in written all the terminologies in the Describe in written all the terminologies in the pathological fieldpathological field
3.3. Explain the common techniques used based on Explain the common techniques used based on classification of pathology classification of pathology
INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGYINTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY What is Pathology?What is Pathology?
The study of The study of diseasedisease The study of The study of sufferingsuffering Study of Study of structuralstructural & & functionalfunctional changeschanges in in
diseasedisease Broadest sense – study of how the Broadest sense – study of how the organs organs
and tissuesand tissues of a health body – the of a health body – the basis of basis of normal anatomy and physiology - normal anatomy and physiology - changechange to those of a to those of a sicksick person person
Pathology deals with knowledge of ;Pathology deals with knowledge of ; What cause disease?What cause disease? How disease start?How disease start? ProgressesProgresses Explain the reason for signs & Explain the reason for signs &
symptoms of patientsymptoms of patient
In hospital, In hospital, pathology pathology - concerned with - concerned with performance and interpretation of laboratory performance and interpretation of laboratory proceduresprocedures
TWO (2) main TWO (2) main divisions of pathology in divisions of pathology in hospital environment:hospital environment:
(i)(i) Clinical pathology Clinical pathology (biochemical and (biochemical and microbiologic etc procedures microbiologic etc procedures
performed on body fluid – Laboratory performed on body fluid – Laboratory procedures)procedures)
(ii)(ii) Anatomic pathology Anatomic pathology (structure (structure abnormalities of cells and tissues – gross and abnormalities of cells and tissues – gross and microscopic examination)microscopic examination)
Pathologist assist medical management of Pathologist assist medical management of patient by patient by providing diagnosisproviding diagnosis by by examination of specimensexamination of specimens taken from taken from patientspatients
Commonly, pathology is equated to Commonly, pathology is equated to lab lab testingtesting
Pathologist identify :Pathologist identify : Changes Changes in the in the gross gross oror microscopic microscopic Appearance Appearance of of cells cells && tissues tissues
As GENERAL, the classification of As GENERAL, the classification of pathology is divided into:pathology is divided into: General PathologyGeneral Pathology
- - The mechanisms & characteristic of the The mechanisms & characteristic of the principle types of disease process e.g. principle types of disease process e.g. inflammation, tumors etc.inflammation, tumors etc. Systemic PathologySystemic Pathology
- - The descriptions of specific diseases as The descriptions of specific diseases as affect individual organs or organ systems affect individual organs or organ systems e.g. respiratory systeme.g. respiratory system
Major subdivisions of clinical pathology:Major subdivisions of clinical pathology:
HistopathologyHistopathology; investigate & diagnose of ; investigate & diagnose of disease from the examination of disease from the examination of tissuestissues
CytopathologyCytopathology; investigate & diagnose of ; investigate & diagnose of disease from the examination of isolated disease from the examination of isolated cellscells
HaematologyHaematology; study of disorders of the ; study of disorders of the cellular & coagulable components of cellular & coagulable components of bloodblood
MicrobiologyMicrobiology; study of infectious disease & ; study of infectious disease & the the organismsorganisms responsible for them responsible for them
ImmunologyImmunology; ; study of study of specific defensespecific defense mechanisms of the bodymechanisms of the body
Chemical pathology;Chemical pathology; study & diagnose of study & diagnose of disease from the disease from the chemical changeschemical changes in in tissuestissues & & fluidsfluids
GeneticsGenetics; study of ; study of abnormal chromosomesabnormal chromosomes & & genesgenes
ToxicologyToxicology; study of the effects of known or ; study of the effects of known or suspected suspected poisonspoisons
Forensic pathologyForensic pathology; application to pathology to ; application to pathology to legal purposeslegal purposes e.g. investigation of death in e.g. investigation of death in suspicious circumstancessuspicious circumstances
PATHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGIESPATHOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGIES
Disease Disease
vs.vs.
IllnessIllness
DiseaseDisease Opposite of healthOpposite of health Is loss of ease to the body (dis-ease)Is loss of ease to the body (dis-ease) Entity with a causeEntity with a cause Expression of Expression of “discomfort”“discomfort” due to structural of due to structural of
functional abnormalityfunctional abnormality Factors causing disease:Factors causing disease:
EnvironmentalEnvironmental (External Factors) e.g. (External Factors) e.g. physical, chemical, nutritional, infections, physical, chemical, nutritional, infections, psychologicalpsychological
Genetic Genetic (Internal Factors) – ages, genes.(Internal Factors) – ages, genes.
Disease which present since birth are Disease which present since birth are called called Congenital diseasesCongenital diseases
All other diseases are known as All other diseases are known as Acquired Acquired diseasedisease
Disease which occur in families are known Disease which occur in families are known asas Familial diseaseFamilial disease
List an example for each List an example for each types of disease stated.types of disease stated.
example
Congenital disease
Acquired disease
Familial disease
Illness The reaction of the individual to disease in the
form of symptoms (complaints of the patient) and the physical signs (elicited by the clinician)
Term used in pathology: Patient – person affected by disease Lesions - Characteristic changes in tissues
and cells produced by disease in an individual or experimental animal
Pathologic changes & morphology – consists of examination of diseased tissues
can be recognised with naked eyes (gross or macroscopic changes) or studied by microscopic
examination of tissues
Pathology of disease is formally Pathology of disease is formally studied under 4 subdivisions:studied under 4 subdivisions:
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Physical signs
EtiologyEtiology-- Study of cause/causative Study of cause/causative agent of diseaseagent of disease
PathogenesisPathogenesis- - Study of disease Study of disease progression or evolutionprogression or evolution
SymptomsSymptoms - - Study of functional Study of functional implications of the lesion felt by the implications of the lesion felt by the patientpatient
Physical signsPhysical signs - Study of functional - Study of functional implications of the lesion felt by the implications of the lesion felt by the patient and those discovered by the patient and those discovered by the clinicianclinician
What physicians always do towards What physicians always do towards patients :patients :
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Prevention
Diagnosis – the clinical significance of the morphologic and functional changes together with results of other investigations help to arrive at an answer to what is wrong
Prognosis – what is going to happen to the patient
Treatment – What can be done about the disease
Prevention – what should be done to avoid complications and spread the disease
Autopsy Autopsy
vs.vs.
BiopsyBiopsy
Autopsy? A surgical procedure after deathA surgical procedure after death
Autopsies are useful for:Autopsies are useful for: Determining the cause of deathDetermining the cause of death Education of undergrad & postgradEducation of undergrad & postgrad Research into the causes & mechanisms of Research into the causes & mechanisms of
diseasedisease Biopsy?
Sample of tissue or fluid taken for the purpose Sample of tissue or fluid taken for the purpose of diagnosisof diagnosis
2 major types:2 major types: Tissue biopsyTissue biopsy Cytological biopsy (fluids)Cytological biopsy (fluids)
HISTORY OF PATHOLOGY
Modern pathology (1950s to dawn of 21st century)
From religious beliefs to rational approach (Antiquity to 15th c)
Era of gross pathology (15th to 18th c)
Era of technology development and cellular pathology ( 18th to
1950s c)
COMMON TECHNIQUESCOMMON TECHNIQUES
Techniques in Techniques in Pathology :Pathology : Autopsy pathologyAutopsy pathology Surgical pathologySurgical pathology Special stainsSpecial stains Enzyme Enzyme
HistochemistryHistochemistry Basic microscopyBasic microscopy
ImmunoflouresenceImmunoflouresence ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry Electron microscopyElectron microscopy CytogeneticsCytogenetics Molecular pathologyMolecular pathology Flow cytometryFlow cytometry Cell proliferation Cell proliferation
analysisanalysis Computers in pathology Computers in pathology
laboratorylaboratory
