CHAPTER 1

INTR

ODUCTION

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.1

PURPOSE OF COURSE

To review qualitative research

To learn about five approaches to qualitative research:

Narrative researchPhenomenologyGrounded theoryEthnographyCase studies

To engage in the conduct of a small-scale qualitative study using one of the approaches

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.2

FLOW OF IDEAS

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.3

* Chapter 3 provides an overview of qualitative

research and chapters 4-10 focus on the

five approaches to qualitative research

WHAT IS AN APPROACH TO INQUIRY?

Approach to Inquiry: a specific approach to qualitative research that has a distinct methodology that characterizes the approach that

Addresses a distinct aspect of a research problem Uses distinct methods of data collection, data analysis

and has a distinct format for report writing

Specific procedures for conducting a qualitative study

Formation of purpose and research questions Data Collection and Analysis Report Writing conventions

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.4

QUALITATIVE APPROACHES AND AUTHORSAuthor Qualitative Approach Discipline/Field

Jacob (1987) Ecological Psychology, Holistic Ethnography,Cognitive Anthropology, Ethnography of Communication, Symbolic Interactionism

Education

Munhall & Oiler (1986) Phenomenology, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Historical Research

Nursing

Lancy (1993) Anthropologist Perspectives, Sociological Perspectives, Biological Perspectives, Case Studies Personal Accounts, Cognitive Studies, Historical Inquiries

Education

Strauss & Corbin (1990) Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Phenomenology, Life Histories, Conversational Analysis

Sociology, Nursing

Morse (1994) Phenomenology Ethnography, Ethnoscience, Grounded Theory Nursing

Moastakas (1994) Ethnography, Grounded Theory, Hermeneutics, Empirical Phenomenological Research, Heuristic Research, Transcendental Phenomenology

Psychology

Denzin & Lincoln (1994) Case Studies, Ethnography, Grounded Theory, Biographical, Historical, Clinical Research Phenomenology Ethno methodology and Interpretive Practices

Social Sciences

Miles & Huber man (1994) Approaches to Qualitative Data Analysis: Interpretive Social Anthropology, Collaborative Social Research

Social Sciences

Slife & Williams (1995) Categories of Qualitative Methods: Ethnography , Phenomenology Studies of Artifacts

Psychology

1.5Creswell Qualitative Inquiry 2e

THE CHOICE OF FIVE APPROACHES

The approaches chosen: narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study research

Personal experience with each

Popular approaches used in research

Approaches with systematic procedures

Representative of different discipline orientations

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.6

THE CURRENT BOOK IN RESPONSE TO TRENDS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCHAcceptance of qualitative research Courses Books Funding possibilities

An emphasis on the interpretative approach

Focuses on the self-reflective nature of how the research is conducted and read

The role of the researcher and participants is also emphasized

The need for a methodological dialogue A trend coming from ethnography Addresses questions such as disciplinary power,

theoretical future of the field, alternative writing and publication possibilities

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.7

TRENDS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Advancement of a social justice agenda

Not all studies must have this as a central feature Writers should acknowledge social justice and

diversify issues as a part of inquiry and write about them

Variations within the five approaches Variations within narrative research,

phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study research

Core books in each of the areas have informed my writing

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.8

TRENDS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research has become more fragmented

Methodologists that emphasize rigorous methodsPhilosophical advocates that expand the number of theoretical lenses used

Social justice researchers who advocate the social ends for qualitative research

Health researchers who use qualitative research to augment experimental research

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.9

TRENDS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

More sophisticated data analysis A greater variety of computer software programs for

data analysis are available Computer programs have more features

Concept mapping Ability to import different types of data including audio

and video files Drag and drop coding Export to the web The ability to have multiple researchers code data as a

group

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.10

THE AUTHOR’S POSITION

The author is an applied research methodologist

The author is a post-positivist qualitative researcher (depending on the day)

The author is an advocate for rigorous data collection and analysis

The author is experienced in all five approaches to inquiry

The author appreciates good qualitative writing

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E1.11

CHAPTER 1

INTR

ODUCTION

CRESWELL QUALITATIVE INQUIRY 2E 1.12