Chapter 1 Environment (2)

8/12/2019 Chapter 1 Environment (2)

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Environmental

Microbiology


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Applied & Environmental

Microbiology

applied microbiology is the interaction of

the microbial world and the rest of the

world

genetic variances

microbial effect on soil, water, ourfood

microorganisms are present in most

every aspect of our lives

microorganisms are critical to our

survival on Earth

to be a successful ecosystem on Earth,

youd best be nice to the

microorganisms!


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Microbial Ecology:

relationship of microorganisms with each

other and their environment

ecosystem: interaction of livingand non-living components

oceans, deserts, marshes,forests, tundra, lakes

microorganisms play a keyrole in ecosystem structure


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Microbial Ecology:

relationship of microorganisms with each other and

their environment

microenvironment: immediately

surrounds a microorganism

relevant to survival and growthof the microorganism


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Nutrient Acquisition within an

Ecosystem

3 main levels exist in every ecosystem in regards to

nutrient acquisition

producer

consumer

decomposer

1. primary producers:

convert CO2toorganic material


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Nutrient Acquisition within an

Ecosystem

2. consumers

heterotrophs

utilize organic

material created

by producers


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Nutrient Acquisition within Ecosystem

3. decomposers

heterotrophs

digest leftovers of primary

producers andconsumers

detritus ( fresh or

partially decomposed

organic matter)

bacteria and fungi are

key players in the

process of decomposition


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Low Nutrient Environments:

common in nature

bacteria do best in biofilms if

nutrition availability is low

biofilms are a

polysaccharide encased

community of

microorganisms

microorganisms extract

nutrients that are absorbedby water from air or

nutrients that are adsorbed

onto the biofilm


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Microbial competition and antagonism

most environments are suitable to many kinds of

microorganisms

only one or a few can actually occupy the environment

at a given time


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Competition and Antagonism:

among microorganismscompetition:

fierce competition for nutrients and water

the faster a microbe reproduces the larger thepopulation

the larger population competes better

critical, especially if the microorganismscompeting utilize similar nutrients

antagonism

bacteriocins: protein produced by bacteria thatdestroys similar strains

WINNER TAKES ALL AND IS KING/QUEEN OF THE

MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM


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Example of Competition

stability of microbial community in human intestine isattributed to competition and antagonism amongst its

members

compete nicely for nutrients

produce toxins to limit growth of new microbes


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Microbial Mat:

thick, dense, organized biofilm

generally found attached to a solid substrate or at air-

water interfaces

Microbial mat attached to

rocks

Microbial mat in stream bed


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The Study of Microbial Ecology

somewhat difficult to accomplish less than 1% of

environmental

microorganisms can be

successfully cultured in thelab
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop6.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop7.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/micronat/Vorticella1.html


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Microbial Habitat

aquatic

marine:

deep waters are usually stable and consistent

shoreline habitat varies due to nutrient rich run-off
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/larvae/larva3A.htmlhttp://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop1.html


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Microbial Habitat

freshwater:

lakes

stratification allows for the mixing of the water

seasonally.

Increases the presence of O2in the deeper H2O

algae

paramecium
http://www.ebiomedia.com/gall/drop/drop1.html


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Microbial Habitat

moving water

rivers

generally aerobic due to

turbulence facilitating O2circulation

river ostracod


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Microbial Habitat

terrestrial

microorganisms are critical to soil habitat

composition of microbes is dependent on soilconditions

wet soil: anaerobic conditions due to water fillingthe pore space in the soil, soil dries andmicrobes go produce endospores for survival

Endospores


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Mutualism with Eukaryotes

mychorrhizae: fungus

assist plants in the uptake of

phosphorous

mychorrizae gain nutrient from plant


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Mutualism

nitrogen fixers: fix nitrogen

and make it available for

the use by their partner

plant

most common is

Rhizobium, a

microorganism found in

many root nodules

Rhizobiumin root nodules


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Carbon cycle


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Mutualism: microorganisms and the

worldmicroorganisms and herbivores

animal with a rumens (cow) or cecums

(horse) need microorganisms to digest the

plant food they ingest

Bacillusin a

cow rumen
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.bio.mie-u.ac.jp/junkan/busshitsu/lab1/rumen-bacteria.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.bio.mie-u.ac.jp/junkan/busshitsu/lab1/&h=782&w=1137&sz=134&tbnid=uLQKc9h5ptEJ:&tbnh=102&tbnw=149&start=3&prev=/images%3Fq%3Drumen%2Bbacteria%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8


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Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment

decreasing biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD)

decreases impact of

sewage on the

environment

BOD is the amount of O2

needed for microbial

decomposition of the

organic material in a

sample

Grit chamber

Biological filter

Clarifier


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Microorganisms in Sewage

Treatment

if not treated the high BOD found in sewage could

deplete the O2level in the receiving water

in other words if raw sewage is deposited into a lake or

stream without treatment, it would effectively suck theoxygen out of the water, leaving very little for the fish and

other organisms


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Microorganisms in Sewage Treatment

sewage treatment is a controlled process that

strives to eliminate the excess organic material,

thus diminishing the BOD

most of the removal of organic matter is done

by microorganisms

bacterial filaments


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Microorganisms and Water Treatment

and Testing

municipal water supplies

are tested and treated for

the removal of pathogenic

microorganisms and

chemicals

this is done with the

use of chemicals


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Microorganisms and Solid Waste

Treatment

the elimination of organic waste

material can be enhanced by

microorganisms

increase cost to separate organic

material from inorganic (glass,metal, plastic)

composting: natural decomposition

of organic solid materiel results in

excellent fertilizer


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Compost

microorganisms areneeded to breakdown

the organic material


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Bioremediation:use of microorganisms to eliminate or make

harmless pollutants in an environment

pollutants removed

can include

organic solvents

toxic chemicals

hydrocarbons

oil spill

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Chapter 1 Environment (2)