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Chapter 1 Computer Abstraction and Technology. Introduction. This course is all about how computers work The third revolution for civilization Faster computers have made applications (science fiction) that were economically infeasible suddenly become practical Automatic teller machine (ATM) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
12004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Chapter 1Computer Abstraction and Technology
22004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Introduction
bull This course is all about how computers workbull The third revolution for civilizationbull Faster computers have made applications (science fiction)
that were economically infeasible suddenly become practicalndash Automatic teller machine (ATM)ndash Computers in automobilesndash Laptop ndash Human genome projectndash WWW
32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Introduction
bull But what do we mean by a computer
ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices
ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip
ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip
ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs
bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo
ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)
ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)
bull Best way to learn
ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works
ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives
42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Processors sold in 1998-2002
Embedded CPU CPU core
52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What you can learn
bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it
bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions
bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance
bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
22004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Introduction
bull This course is all about how computers workbull The third revolution for civilizationbull Faster computers have made applications (science fiction)
that were economically infeasible suddenly become practicalndash Automatic teller machine (ATM)ndash Computers in automobilesndash Laptop ndash Human genome projectndash WWW
32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Introduction
bull But what do we mean by a computer
ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices
ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip
ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip
ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs
bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo
ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)
ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)
bull Best way to learn
ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works
ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives
42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Processors sold in 1998-2002
Embedded CPU CPU core
52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What you can learn
bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it
bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions
bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance
bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
32004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Introduction
bull But what do we mean by a computer
ndash Different types desktop servers embedded devices
ndash Different uses automobiles graphics finance genomicshellip
ndash Different manufacturers Intel Apple IBM Microsoft Sunhellip
ndash Different underlying technologies and different costs
bull Analogy Consider a course on ldquoautomotive vehiclesrdquo
ndash Many similarities from vehicle to vehicle (eg wheels)
ndash Huge differences from vehicle to vehicle (eg gas vs electric)
bull Best way to learn
ndash Focus on a specific instance and learn how it works
ndash While learning general principles and historical perspectives
42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Processors sold in 1998-2002
Embedded CPU CPU core
52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What you can learn
bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it
bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions
bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance
bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
42004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Processors sold in 1998-2002
Embedded CPU CPU core
52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What you can learn
bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it
bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions
bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance
bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
52004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What you can learn
bull How are programs in high-level language (C or Java) translated into hardware language and how hardware executes it
bull What is the interface between SW and HW and how does SW instruct the HW to perform needed functions
bull What determines the performance of a program and how can a programmer improve performance
bull What techniques can be used by hardware designers to improve performance
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
62004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Why learn this stuff
bull You want to call yourself a ldquocomputer scientistrdquobull You want to build software people use (need performance)bull You need to make a purchasing decision or offer ldquoexpertrdquo advicebull Both Hardware and Software affect performance
ndash Algorithm determines number of source-level statements and IO operations executed
ndash LanguageCompilerArchitecture determine of machine instructions for each source statement (Chapter 2 and 3)
ndash ProcessorMemory determine how fast instructions are executed (Chapter 5 6 and 7)
ndash IO system (hardware and OS) determines how fast is IObull Assessing and Understanding Performance in Chapter 4
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
72004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is a computer
bull 5 Components
ndash input (mouse keyboard)
ndash output (display printer)
ndash memory (disk drives DRAM SRAM CD)
ndash the processor (datapath and control) Our primary focus
bull implemented using millions of transistors
bull Impossible to understand by looking at each transistor
ndash Or include Network
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
82004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Inside processor chip
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
92004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
PC Board
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
102004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Abstraction
bull Delving into the depths reveals more information
bull An abstraction omits unneeded detail helps us cope with complexity
What are some of the details that appear in these familiar abstractions
swap(int v[] int k)int temp temp = v[k] v[k] = v[k+1] v[k+1] = temp
swap muli $2 $54 add $2 $4$2 lw $15 0($2) lw $16 4($2) sw $16 0($2) sw $15 4($2) jr $31
00000000101000010000000000011000000000001000111000011000001000011000110001100010000000000000000010001100111100100000000000000100101011001111001000000000000000001010110001100010000000000000010000000011111000000000000000001000
Binary machinelanguageprogram(for MIPS)
C compiler
Assembler
Assemblylanguageprogram(for MIPS)
High-levellanguageprogram(in C)
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
112004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
How do computers work
bull Need to understand abstractions such asndash Applications softwarendash Systems softwarendash Assembly Languagendash Machine Languagendash Architectural Issues ie Caches Virtual Memory Pipeliningndash Sequential logic finite state machinesndash Combinational logic arithmetic circuitsndash Boolean logic 1s and 0sndash Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS)ndash SemiconductorsSilicon used to build transistorsndash Properties of atoms electrons and quantum dynamics
bull So much to learn
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
122004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Why not simply write code in assemblybull Why not simply convert HLL statements into bits for the hardware to
interpret
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
132004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The role of the compiler
bull The compiler translates a HLL program into the machine language for the given ISA
bull Compilers allow software developers to work at the HLL level without worrying about low-level details of the underlying machine
bull The compiler writerrsquos first responsibility is to ensure that the machine language program
ndash Exactly matches the functionality of the HLL program
ndash Exactly conforms to the ISA specificationbull Compiler product differentiators include
ndash Speed of code execution on the hardware
ndash Code density (reduces memory requirements)
ndash Compilation speed (how long from HLL to machine code)
ndash Debugging capabilities
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
142004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
bull A very important abstraction
ndash interface between hardware and low-level software
ndash standardizes instructions machine language bit patterns etc
ndash advantage different implementations of the same architecture
ndash disadvantage sometimes prevents using new innovations
True or False Binary compatibility is extraordinarily important
bull Modern instruction set architectures
ndash IA-32 PowerPC MIPS SPARC ARM and others
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
152004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Instruction Set Architecture
instruction set
software
hardware
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
162004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture + Machine Organization
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
172004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
What is Computer Architecture
IO systemInstars Set Proc
Compiler
OperatingSystem
Application
Digital DesignCircuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Firmware
Datapath amp Control
Layout
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
182004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
The ISA and computer hardware
bull The designer of computer hardware (CPU caches MM and IO) must first ensure that the hardware correctly executes the machine code specified in the ISA spec
bull Hardware product differentiators include
ndash Performance (emphasis of this course)
ndash Power dissipation (a huge issue today)
ndash Cost (die size package pin count cooling costs)
ndash Reliability availability serviceability
ndash Ability to upgrade
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
192004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Software and hardware
CentralProcessing
Unit
Level1Instruction
Cache
Level1Data
Cache
Level2Cache
MainMemory
InputOutput
Interconnectdisk
networketc
instructions operands
keyboardmouse
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
202004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull ENIAC built in World War II 1943 was the first general purpose computerndash Used for computing artillery firing tablesndash 80 feet long by 85 feet high and several feet widendash Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet longndash Used 18000 vacuum tubesndash Performed 1900 additions per secondndash Programming manually by plugging cables and setting switches
ndashSince then
Moorersquos Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
httpwwwintelcomresearchsiliconmooreslawhtm
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
212004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull By W Shockley J Bardeen W Brattain of Bell Lab in 1947bull Much more reliable than vacuum tubesbull Electronic switches in ldquosolidsrdquo
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
222004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1950
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
232004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1971年第一個微處理器 Intel 4004
108 KHz 006 MIPS 2300 transistors (10 microns) Bus width 4 bits Memory 640 bytes For Busicom calculator
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
242004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1977 年 Apple II Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
252004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1981 年 IBM PC Intel 8088 477MHz
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
262004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1979 1st electronic spreadsheet (VisiCalc for Apple
II) by Don Bricklin and Bob Franston
ldquoThe kill app for early PCsrdquo Followed by dBASE II
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
272004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Historical Perspective
bull 1980sbull New processor architectures were introducedbull RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) IBM John Cocke UC Berkeley David Patterson Stanford John Hennessybull Commercial RISC processors introduced around 1985 1048698 MIPS MIPS Sun Sparc IBM Power RISC HP PA-RISC DEC Alphabull They compete with CISC (complex instruction set computer) processors mainly Intel x86 processors for the next 15 years
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
282004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Performance
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
292004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Factor for improvement
bull Several factors IC technology clock rate power transistors per chip bull Computer architecture pipeline cache MMX instructions per cycle bull Mass market market share revenue applications
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
302004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Year Technology used in computer Relative performance unit cost
1951 Vacuum tube 1
1965 Transistor 35
1975 Integrated circuit 900
1995 Very large-scale integrated circuit 2400000
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
312004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
VLSI Tech
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
322004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology Trends Memory Capacity(1 Chip DRAM)
year size(Mbit) 1980 00625 1983 025 1986 1 1989 4 1992 16 1996 64 2000 256
14Xyr or doubling every 2 years 4000X since 1980
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
332004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Technology TrendsMicroprocessor Capacity
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
342004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Moorersquos law
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
352004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
bull Make it into conductorbull diffuse bombard ions
bull Make it into insulator silicon oxide (glass)
bull Make it into switch transistor
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
362004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Semiconductor Processing
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system
372004 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers
Fallacies and Pitfalls
bull Fallacy (wrong belief) Computers have been built in the same old-fashioned way for too long and this antiquated model of computation is running out of steam
bull Pitfall (easily made mistake) Ignoring inexorable progress of hardware when planning a new system