Chapter 01 AP

8/3/2019 Chapter 01 AP

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Chapter 1: Exploring Life

Biologythe study of life

Biolife or living

-ologythe study ofKnowing the prefixes,

suffixes, and other word

roots found in biologicalterms can help you to

determine the meaning of

novel terms in the future.

Other Word Roots in

chapter 1 are:

Eu- = trueKaryo- = nucleus

-elle = small

Pro- = before

ExampleEukaryotica cell

with a true nucleus.


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What does it

mean to beLIVING?


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Whats life without.

Organization!!!

Studying biology (or any science) is about organization.

Throughout this course, information will be broken down intocategories based on:

similarities and differences.

increasing or decreasing complexity

size


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By lookingat the various

levels of

organization

we can begin

to see how

the different

parts work

together.


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The Parts vs. The Whole

We can neither understand only

the parts nor only the whole ofthe system; we must understand

both.

We cannot understand how a

bicycle works by looking at theparts in a box and we can also not

truly understand a bicycle without

taking it apart and looking at the

pieces.


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Emergent propertiesnovel properties that

appear as the level of complexity of a system

increases.

A test tube filled with enzymes, chloroplasts,

and CO2 cannot perform photosynthesis. It is

the parts functioning as a system that allow

this life giving process to occur.

Photosynthesis is an emergent property.

None of the parts alone

may appear to be very

complex, nor can their

jobs be determined. It is

not until we observe the

whole, with each part

working, that we discover

the emergent properties.


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The PARTS

Reductionismreducing complex systems to simpler

components that are more manageable to study.

Take a cell: There are

organelles, ions, DNA

enzymes, water, and

other materials. These

are the parts.


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The WHOLE

Systems Biologymodels that dynamic behavior of whole

biological systems.

Accurate models in systems biology help us to see what will

happen to the system if one of the parts is no longer functioning or

is removed.

A B C+


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Negative feedback is the way that most living processes are controlled.

The accumulation of end-product D interferes with the

chemical process that created D.

In order to understand the

system, scientists have had to

find and study all the parts. In

order to understand the parts,

however, scientists have had to

study them in the system.

Parts } System


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Positive feedback is another example of regulation as well as

a system and its parts

Here the creation of end-product

Z increases its own production.

Parts

}System


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Taxonomythe branch of biology that names and classifies species

and organizes those species into a series of groups with increasing

breadth.

This is done by looking at the similarities and differences between

the organism to be classified and the rest of the known system.


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Two very different organisms.connected in the scheme of life


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Evolutionthe birth of similarities and differences. Evolution

means a change over time.

Notice the very similar

nature of the cilia.


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Charles Darwin explained in his book,

On the Origin of Species by Natural

Selection, that:

Modern species arose from a

succession of ancestral ones

(decent with modification.)

These modifications arose

because of selection pressure from

the environmentnatural

selection.

These variations (difference) on a commontheme (sameness) are what scientists study

when looking at unity and diversity.


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Using a tree

diagram is not

only a great way

to look atDarwins theory,

but also a great

way to arrange

other divergingand converging

information in

Biology.


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THE Scientific Method?

This is the typical format taught to all

science students about the scientificmethod.


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The role of the hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a testable, tentativeanswer to a well framed question.

It is convenient to formulate the hypothesis

as an Ifthen statement.

If I replace the batteries in the flashlight,then the flashlight will work.


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A well formulate hypothesis

must also be falsifiable

Flashlight + Batteries =

Time for a new hypothesis.


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The experiment designed to test the

hypothesis should be a controlled

experiment.

The experimental design does not control

all the factors in the environment, but

rather cancels out the effect of unwanted

variables by having a well crafted control

with which to compare the results in the

experimental groups.

Ideally, the experimental

groups (being tested) differ

from the control group (basis

of comparison) by only onefactor


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A case study in scientific inquiry:

Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations

Many poisonous animals

advertise that they are

dangerous with bright

coloration.

This prevents their being eaten by predators.This is evolutionarily advantageous


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British scientist, Henry Bates postulated that some

animals have evolved to mimic these colorations. It

is believed that this mimicking confuses predators

and prevents the non-poisonous species from beingeaten as well. Another beneficial adaptation.

Poisonous

Non-poisonous


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The Harcombe-Pfennig Experiment

Both the coral snake (poisonous) and the

king snake (non-poisonous) live in the

Carolinas.

The king snake mimics the coloration of

the coral snake

The range of the king snake and the coralsnake overlap, but are not identical.

This factor is key for the study since the

hypothesis is that mimicry should only

confer protection from predators in anarea where the actual poisonous species

also lives.


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Procedure:

1. Two versions of fake snakes

were created. The ones

representing the king snakeswere the experimental and

the plain brown were the

control.

2. Equal numbers of both typeswere placed in the

overlapping habitats as well

as in the areas were coral

snakes were absent.

3. After 4 weeks the fake

snakes were retrieved and the

number of attacks on each

were recorded.


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Results:

In field sites were coral snakes

were present, predators attacked

fewer artificial king snakes then

brown snakes.

The coloration provided no

protection in areas were coral

snakes were absent.

In fact, in areas with coral

snakes absent, the attacks on the

artificial king snakes werehigher then that of the false

brown snakes.

This is probably because they

were much easier to see.


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Conclusion:

This experiment supported the hypothesis that imitation of coral

snakes is only effective where coral snakes are present.

It also falsified an additional hypothesis that was made before

experimentation that predators generally avoid all brightly colored

snakes whether or not poisonous snakes with that coloration live in

the environment.

1) Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things?


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) g p p p g gA) evolutionary adaptationsB) energy processingC) responding to the environmentD) growth and reproductionE) all of the above

2) Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complexlevel?

A) organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population, organismB) cell, community, population, organ system, molecule, organelleC) organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organD) ecosystem, cell, population, tissue, organism, organ systemE) molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere

3) In order to understand the chemical basis of inheritance, one must understand the molecular structure of DNA. This isan example of the application of ________ to the study of biology.A) evolution

B) emergent propertiesC) reductionismD) the cell theoryE) feedback regulation

E

E

C

4) What is a hypothesis?A) the same thing as an unproven theoryB) a tentative explanation that can be tested and is falsifiableC) a verifiable observation sensed directly, or sensed indirectly with the aid of scientific instrumentationD) a fact based on qualitative data that is testableE) a fact based on quantitative data that is falsifiable B5) What is the primary reason for including a control group within the design of an experiment?A) To ensure that the results obtained are due to a difference in only one variableB) To ensure that the experimenter can perform a more complete statistical analysisC) To demonstrate in what way the experiment was performed incorrectlyD) To accumulate additional facts that can be reported to other scientistsE) To test the effect of more than one variable

A

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Chapter 01 AP