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American Pageant Chapter 34 Powerpoint
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American Pageant Chapter 34
1933-1941
London Economic Conference 1933
Secretary of State: Cordell Hull
International effort to stabilize currencies
FDR worried about domestic recovery 1st
Wanted some inflationary policies, etc.
Sent scolding message to London
Ended international economic cooperation for crisis
Philippines:
Economic drain
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
12 year economic tutelage then withdrawal by 1946
Kept Navy bases but not army
Soviet Union
Recognized by U.S. 1933
Threat of Germany
Latin AmericaGood Neighbor Policy Renounce Roosevelt Corollary of
Monroe Doctrine
7th Pan American Conference Endorsed non-intervention
Haititroops withdrew in 1934
Cubabetter terms than Platt Amendment
Mexicoseized oil interest, but no armed intervention by U.S.
FDR most popular U.S. president in Latin America
Need goodwill for potential allies with growing European threat
Cordell Hull Against high tariffs
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) Amended most
objectionable rates from Smoot-Hawley Tariff
President (w/o Senate) has power to lower rates up to 50%--speedier action
Hull makes agreements with other 21 nations by 1939
U.S. foreign trade increases
Japanmilitaristic country Terminated Washington
Naval Treaty (1934)
Withdrew from League of Nations (1935)
Withdrew from naval disarmament conference in London & built more ships
Joined Italy and Germany in Tripartite Act (1940)
Senate investigation of merchants who made $ during WWI--1934 Led by Senator Gerald
Nye
Sensationalized information
Made illogical conclusion: If made money they caused the war
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937 If President proclaimed
existence of foreign war: No American can sail on
belligerent ship
Cant sell munitions
Cant make loans to a belligerent
No difference between aggressor nations or victim nation
Abandoned policy of freedom of the seas
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Republic government in power General Francisco Franco
Fascist led revolt Aided by Hitler and Mussolini
U.S. refuses to sell needed arms to either side
Spanish republican government fell w/o U.S. help
America refused to build up armed forces and navy declined in strength 1938FDR finally gets congress
to pass a billion-dollar naval construction act but it was too late
Japan Invaded China 1937
FDR does not declare it a war so Neutrality Acts dont apply (Japanese buy war materials from US)
Quarantine SpeechChicago, 1937
FDR suggest quarantining aggressorsisolationist backlash
Panay Incident December, 1937
Japanese sink U.S. Gunboatkilling 2, wounding 30
Japanese quickly apologize & pay indemnity
Sharp contrast to Maine incident
Germany 1935compulsory
military service Jewish persecution March 1938bloodless
occupation of Austria Munich Conference,
September 1938 Hitler wants Sudetenland
(in Czechoslovakia) England & France cave to
demandshope to appease Hitlers appetite
March 1939Hitler takes rest of Czechoslovakia
Hitler-Stalin (aka Nazi-Soviet) Pact (August 1939)
Soviet Union key to keeping peace
Non aggression pact with Germanyshocked world
Hitler now free to take Poland
September 1, 1939Hitler invades Poland World War II starts
France & Britain declare war on Germany; U.S. neutral
Neutrality Act (1939) European democracies can purchase war
materials on a cash & carry basis
Hurts Chinablockaded by Japan
Demands helps recession of 1937-1939
Phony war -inactive few months followed by collapse of Poland
Soviets attack FinlandU.S. grants $30 million in non-military supplies
AprilJune 1940 Hitler takes
Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and
France fell late June 1940 (Hitler aided by Mussolini)
Dunkirk: French port where British were able to rescue the bulk of the French forces
Only England is left to fight (& only constitutional government left in Europe) Constant air raids
Winston Churchill: PM, inspires British over BBC
U.S. shocked to action
FDR asks for building of huge air fleet & navy
Congress grants $37 billion for preparation
More than cost of WWI & 5 times the amount of New Deal
Conscription LawSeptember 19401st peace-time draft
Havana Conferenceall American countries promote Monroe Doctrine
Battle of BritainGerman air raids over England. Royal Air
Forceheroic efforts to protect England
Reports broadcast on radio to U.S.public sentiment starting to change
Isolationists v. Interventionists:
Charles A. Lindbergh; The Yanks are Not Coming.
Committee to Defend America
Britain is fighting our fight. or All methods short of war.
Destroyer DealSeptember 2, 1940 FDR (w/o Congress)
agrees to transfer to British 51 U.S. destroyers left over from WWI
Used simple presidential agreement
Violation of neutrality
Criticized by isolationists & some Republicans
British gave U.S. 8 valuable defense base sites for 99 years
Republicans:
Wendell L. Willkie
Newcomer to politics
Energetic, honest
Previously a Democrat
Only disagreed with FDRs methods for New Deal & foreign policy
Focused on FDRs dictatorship
Democrats: FDR3rd term
Better a 3rd term than a 3rd rater
FDR did not do much campaigning
World crisis aided his victory 449 EV to 82 (Difference
of 5 million popular votes)
Hitler was his real opponent
Britishalmost no more $ for cash & carry
FDR suggest Lend-Lease Act
Passed Congress March 1941
Worried about problems caused by WWI debts
U.S. loan military supplies to Allies, who would return them after the war was over (Like a neighbor borrowing a hose to put out a fire.)
U.S. to become Arsenal of Democracy--$50 billion of supplies by wars end.
Act risked warno longer neutral
Germany no longer as careful to not target U.S. ships
Hitler & Stalinuneasy truce Stalin didnt want Hitler to
have control of Balkans
June 22, 1941Germany invades Soviet Union Wanted oil & other resources
Thought they could crush Russia in a few weeks
U.S. expands Lend-Lease to Soviet Union $11 billion by wars end
August 1941--Roosevelt & Churchill meet on warship off coast of Newfoundland
Atlantic Charter8 points on goals after war Like Wilsons 14 points:
Opposed imperialistic annexations
Self determination
Right to choose government
Disarmament
Permanent system of general securityNew League of Nations
Isolationists criticize didnt realize U.S. no longer neutral
Lend-lease shipments are targeted by German wolfpack submarines
U.S. worried about being convoyed into war
July 1941FDR orders navy to escort shipments as far as Iceland Sept. 1941--USS Greer
attacked by undersea craft
Oct. 1941USS Kearny lost 11 men in attack
Oct. 1941USS Reuben James sunk off coast of Iceland with 100 officers & enlisted men
November 1941--Congress allows merchant ships to be armed & enter combat zones
September 1940: Japan formal military ally with Germany
China incident: Japan could not withdraw from China with honor or victory
Japan dependent on US oil, steel, scrap iron & aviation gasoline
FDR delayed embargoworried about Dutch East Indies
Late 1940: US embargo of Japan-bound supplies
Mid-1941: Freeze all of Japanese assets
Japan desperate for oil November & December
1941tense negotiations between Washington & Japan
US breaks Japanese codeknew Japan chose war
NO ONE IN HIGH AUTHORITY THOUGHT ATTACK ON HAWAII WAS A POSSIBLITY (Beware of urban legends!)
December 7, 1941: Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Approximately 3000 casualties
Numerous aircraft, 8 battleships, and other smaller vessels
3 Aircraft Carriershad left harbor
U.S. declares war December 8, 1941
Germany & Italy declare war on U.S. December 11, 1941
Pacific fleet nearly destroyed but unified and angered the U.S.
Japanese Spy photo
Admiral Yamamoto
USS Arizona