Chapter OneTHE AIR WE BREATHE What is in the air that we breathe?Can air be dangerous to our health?How can understanding chemistry help us decide?

WHERE ARE WE LEAVING ?In the Tropospher

The lowest layer of atmospher layers

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TROPOSPHERAtmospheric pressure changes with altitude temperature changesIn Troposphere :Altitude increases P and T decreaseIn Thermosphere :Altitude increases P decrease, T increases

The Composition of Our Air in TroposphereIts a mixture a physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts.1.2Other gasses

Gas% volumeArgon (Ar)0.934%CO2350 mmvNe18.18 ppmvHe5.24 ppmvCH4KrH21.7 ppmv1.14 ppmv0.55 ppmv

ONE BREATH HAS 2.0 X 1022 MOLECULES20 000 000 000 000 000 000 000How many N2 moleculesAre in a breath of air?

N2 in the air =78%

Ozone (O3)If one breath of air contains 2 x 1022 molecules and atoms, and the acceptable ozone level is 0.12 ppm, how many molecules of O3 are in each breath?2 x 1022 molecules and atoms in a breath of air x0.12 O3 molecules1 x 106 molecules and atoms in air= 2 x 1015 O3 molecules in a breathHow many oxygen atoms are in ozone in each breath?

2 x 1015 O3 molecules x 3 O atoms___1 O3 molecules= 6 x 1015 O atoms1.12

Parts per hundred (percent)

Parts per million (ppm)

Parts per billion (ppb)Atmosphere is 21% oxygen = 21 oxygen molecules per 100 molecules of airMidday ozone levels reach about 0.4 ppm = 0.4 ozone molecules 1 x 106 molecules of airSulfur dioxide in the air should not exceed 30 ppb =30 sulfur dioxide molecules 1 x 109 molecules of air Concentration Terms

WHEN PEOPLE BREATHETypical Composition of Inhaled and Exhaled AirWhats in a Breath?

SubstanceInhaled air (%)Exhaled air (%)Nitrogen78.075.0Oxygen21.016.0Argon0.90.9Carbon dioxide0.044.0Water0.04.0

Classifying Matter All Matter Pure SubstancesMixturesCan it be separated by a physical process?CompoundsElementsYESNOCan it be broken down into simpler ones by chemical means?NOYES1.6

Three States of Matter1.5Matter - anything that occupies space and has mass.

Classifying MatterClassify each of these as an element, a compound, or a mixture:

carbon dioxidenickelcocainewater

compoundelementcompoundcompoundfluorinetable saltsoapsea water

elementcompoundmixturemixture1.6

A space filling model for a water molecule, H2OOxygen atomTwo hydrogen atomsA molecule is a combination of a fixed number of atoms held together in a certain spatial arrangement.The chemical formula symbolically represents the type and number of each element present. 1.7

Many nonmetals occur as diatomic (made up of two atoms) moleculesH2N2O2Cl21.7

Naming Binary Compounds1. Name the more metallic element first, followed by the name of the less metallic element, modified with the suffix ideKBr postassium bromideBeO beryllium oxideZnS zinc sulfide1.8

2. Prefixes are used to designate the number of each type of element:Naming Binary Compoundsnumber of atomsprefix1mono2di3tri4tetra5penta6hexa7hepta8octa9nona10deca1.8

CHEMICAL EQUATIONSReactant(s) Product(s)Carbon + Oxygen Carbon DioxideC (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g)Reactant bonds are broken; Product bonds are madeSame number and type of atoms on both sides of equation

Chemical reactions are characterized by the rearrangement of atoms when reactants are transformed into productsC + O2CO reactants productBut the number of atoms on each side of the arrow must be equal (Law of Conservation of Mass)2 C + O22 CO (balanced)2 carbon atomstwo carbon atoms2 oxygen atomstwo oxygen atomsThis is an example of a combustion reaction1.9

+2 C + O2 2 CO1.9

Balancing equations:if an element is present in just one compound on each side, balance it firstbalance anything that exists as a free element last balance polyatomic ions as a unit check when done same number of atoms, and same total charge on both sidesC3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2OC3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O 3 C atoms 8 H atoms10 O atoms 3 C atoms 8 H atoms10 O atoms1.9

Coal + O2 SO2(1-3% sulfur)1.11 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3

Direct Source of Sulfur TrioxideGood News: Since 1985 we have seen a 25% reduction in SO2 emissions in the U.S.

1.11Direct Source of Nitrogen Oxides N2 + O2 + high temp 2 NO(nitrogen oxide)High temperatures from auto engine or coal-fired power plantNO is very reactive:

2 NO + O2 2 NO2Simplified version of chemistry that occurs

QUALITY OF THE AIRAir Quality Index (AQI) : USAAir Pollution Index (API) : Hong Kong, China, MalaysiaIndeks Standar Pencamaran Udara (ISPU) : (Air Pollution Standard Index /APSI) Indonesia

AIR QUALITY STANDARDSHow are standards established? Through risk assessment--consider the toxicity of the compound and the exposure.

Toxicity: How dangerous a compound is.

Exposure: Refers to the length of contact with the pollutant and the concentration of the pollutant

EPAs Air Quality Index1.3

Air Quality Index (AQI) ValuesLevels of Health ConcernColorsWhen the AQI is in this range:...air quality conditions are:...as symbolized by this color:050GoodGreen51100ModerateYellow101150Unhealthy for sensitive groupsOrange151200UnhealthyRed201300Very unhealthyPurple301500HazardousMaroon

HUBUNGAN ISPU DAN KONDISI LINGKUNGAN

KategoriRentangKarbon monoksida (CO)Nitrogen (NO2)Ozon (O3)Sulfur dioksida (SO2)PartikulatBaik0-50Tidak ada efekSedikit berbauLuka pada Beberapa spesies tumbuhan akibat kombinasi dengan SO2 (Selama 4 Jam)Luka pada Beberapa spesies tumbuhan akibat kombinasi dengan O3 (Selama 4 Jam)Tidak ada efekSedang51 - 100Perubahan kimia darah tapi tidak terdeteksiBerbauLuka pada Beberapa spesies tumbuhanLuka pada Beberapa spesies tumbuhanTerjadi penurunan pada jarak pandangTidak Sehat101 - 199Peningkatan pada kardiovaskular pada perokok yang sakit jantungBau dan kehilangan warna. Peningkatan reaktivitas pembuluh tenggorokan pada penderita asmaPenurunan kemampuan pada atlit yang berlatih kerasBau, Meningkatnya kerusakan tanamanJarak pandang turun dan terjadi pengotoran debu di mana-manaSangat Tidak Sehat200-299Meningkatnya kardiovaskular pada orang bukan perokok yang berpenyakit Jantung, dan akan tampak beberapa kelemahan yang terlihat secara nyataMeningkatnya sensitivitas pasien yang berpenyakit asma dan bronchitisOlah raga ringan mengakibatkan pengaruh parnafasan pada pasien yang berpenyaklt paru-paru kronisMeningkatnya sensitivitas pada pasien berpenyakit asma dan bronchitisMeningkatnya sensitivitas pada pasien berpenyakit asma dan bronchitisBerbahaya300 - lebihTingkat yang berbahaya bagi semua populasi yang terpapar

AIR POLLUTIONAir pollutants are airborne particles and gasses that occur in concentrations that endanger the health and well-being of organisms or disrupt the orderly functioning of the environment. Pollutants can be grouped into two categories: (1) primary pollutants, which are emitted directly from identifiable sources, and (2) secondary pollutants, which are produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants.

PRIMARY POLLUTANTSThe major primary pollutants include:particulate matter (PM),sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, and lead.

SECONDARY POLLUTANTSSulfuric acid : main secondary pollutantSmog : Air pollution in urban and industrial areas Photochemical smog, a noxious mixture of gases and particles, is produced when strong sunlight triggers photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. The major component of photochemical smog is ozone.

SULFUR OXIDES, SOXSO2, SO3When coal is burned, so is the Sulfur impurity

THE SO2 THEN BURNS TO PRODUCE SO3.SO3 (g) + H2O (l)SO3 GAS THEN DISSOLVE IN WATER TO MAKE A COMPONENT OF ACID RAIN, H2SO4 (AQ).H2SO4 (aq)In general; nonmetal oxides dissolve in water to make it acidic

PROBLEMS WITH SOXSOx are respiratory irritantsSOx dissolve in water to make a component of acid rain.Using ScrubberREDUCTION THE GAS

CARBON MONOXIDE, COCOMPLETE COMBUSTIONCxHy (l) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

INCOMPLETE COMBUSTIONCxHy (l) + O2 (g) -> CO (g) + H2O (g) +VOC (g)

THE EFFECT OF CO ON HUMAN

50 ppmImpair human reflexes; affect vision100 ppmHeadache, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath750 ppmUnconsciousness, death

REDUCING CO EMISSIONSPost CombustionChange/Replace Combustion Process3. Pre -Combustion Catalytic converters are used to catalyze the conversion of CO to CO2

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC)Formed with CO during Incomplete CombustionWays to Reduce are the Same as COPrecursor to Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2, and Ozone, O3, FormationLEADSourcesTetraethyl lead (TEL) added to gasoline to make it burn more smoothly, anti-knocking agent

EffectsToxicCan cause neurological problems in kidsLeaded Fuel banned in United States; 1997

NITROGEN OXIDES, NOXNO, NO2

Low TemperaturesN2 (g) + O2 (g) No Reactions

High Temperatures/ High PressureN2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO(g)NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g)

Low TemperatureMaximize VOC and CO

High TemperatureMaximize NOx

HEALTH EFFECTS OF NITROGEN OXIDESRespiratory Irritant-Aggravate conditions like chronic bronchitis and asthmaPrecursor to Ozone, O3, formationNitrogen Oxides Dissolve in Water to Make it Acidic

NO(g) + NO2 (g) + H2O (l)HNO3 (aq) + HNO2 (aq) * Unbalanced equation

PHOTOCHEMICAL AIR POLLUTANTSSecondary Air Pollutants Produced by SunlightNOx + Sunlight Ozone (Photochemical Pollutants)VOC + Sunlight Ozone (Photochemical Pollutants)Ozone, O3, is a photochemical air pollutant and is formed by.Reaction of Ozone formation from NO2NO2 + Sunlight NO + OO + O2 O3

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOGhttp:/www.HowStuffWorks.com

http://www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=jump.jump_ozone

PROBLEMS WITH OZONE, O3Lung Irritant,can cause coughingMakes Eyes BurnReacts with Other Air Pollutants (like VOC) to Make Components of Photochemical SmogPowerful Oxidizing AgentCauses rubber to crackDamages Plants

Particulate Matter (PM)Particles of Dispersed Matter (solid or liquid) that are larger than individual moleculesAerosolsDustFumesMist/FogSmoke, Soot, AshSmogPollenPM10; avg diameter less than 10 micronsPM2.5; avg diameter less than 2.5 microns

EFFECT OF PARTICULATE MATTERImpair breathing since small enough to get to lungsReduce visibility since large enough to scatter light.Toxic chemicals can adsorb to surface (Cd, Ni, pesticides)REDUCING PARTICULATE POLLUTION FROM MAN-MADE SOURCECyclone PrecipitatorElectrostatic PrecipitatorBaghouses

Electrostatic Precipitator

INDOOR AIR POLLUTIONCombustionNOx, CO, VOCCigarettes, burning candlesIndoor VOCPaint, fingernail polish, gluesRadon Gas

InfiltrationOf RadonGas

AIR POLLUTION OCCURRENCESThe most obvious factor influencing air pollution is the quantity of contaminants emitted into the atmosphere. However, when air pollution episodes take place, they are not generally the result of a drastic increase in the output of pollutants; instead, they occur because of changes in certain atmospheric conditions. Two of the most important atmospheric conditions affecting the dispersion of pollutants are:(1) the strength of the wind and (2) the stability of the air.

HOW CAN WE STOP AIR POLLUTION?Stop producing it in the first place.Government can pass laws that forbid or limit the use off chemicals that cause pollution.Build cars that burn less gasoline.Recycling helps cut down on pollution.