HWC

SWC

HWC

SWC

HWC = Hardware componentsSWC = Software componentsIP = Interaction point

Off-line component designenvironment

IP

IP IP

IP

IP IP

IP IP

A component ready forInteraction with other run-time components

Run-time components

A component is a hardware or software entity with an identifiable boundary which can be designed to perform certain functions and which can be used to compose more complex entities for a given purpose. Components can be divided into two main categories, namely; software components (SC) and hardware components (HC).

software components

hardware components

axis

Monitorcomponent Build

component

Logical connection

validator component other components

Actuator component

SensorComponent

Other components

Loop Validator component

Physical

connection validator component

Mechatronic Systems

Typical Components within Machine Control Systems

Traditional Sensor Value

An Intelligent Sensor

Value

Quality

Modern control system needs potentiality or gravity or more accurately validity of the measured signal in order to make decisions whether or not to use the input measurement from the sensor. Validation is a process of assessing a system or component’s performance with regard to any abnormal situation. An intelligent sensor produces an index specifying the quality of the signal.

Control Algorithm FDI Algorithm

Target Control System with Sensors, Actuators, Switches, Valves, Displays etc..

Control Algorithm and

FDI Algorithm

Target Control System with Sensors, Actuators, Switches, Valves, Displays etc..

(a) Conventional Approach (b) Integrated Approach

Conventional principle results in the separate implementation of the control solution and the diagnostic solution. The modern scheme intends to integrate the control algorithm and validation algorithm in one platform. Such implementation is called integrated approach.

Manufacturers' Design(Sensor, Actuator, Valve etc. etc..)

Component Validation

Target Control System (Machines)

VLSI

Open Automation Environment

DigitalTechnology

InformationTechnology

Hardware vendors do not normally include validation algorithms in their devices. Given a non-intelligent device, the validation algorithm can be developed and embedded close to the device. The validation scheme should be independent of a manufacturers’ design.

Component Fault Detection and Validation Algorithm (Centralised)

Machine

Sensor SensorActuator ActuatorSwitchValve

Component Fault Detection and Validation Algorithm (Centralised)

Machine

Sensor SensorActuator ActuatorSwitchValve

The slide shows a conventional centralised fault detection scheme. A centralised system is inherently not flexible and can not easily be extended or enhanced.

Process Validation

Loop Validation Network Validation

Component Validation

Process/System level

Network Level

Component Level

Loop Level

(a) Hierarchical control stack (b) Proposed Validation approach

The advances in recent years in fieldbus technology and embedded computing technology have allowed intelligence to be distributed to the component or device level of a system, offering a greatly enhanced flexibility in segmenting and aggregating control systems.

Operational knowledgeon the components

Scheme Selection

Identification of Validation Modes (VM)

Mapping

Algorithm Development

Installation

Operational knowledgeon the components

Scheme Selection

Identification of Validation Modes (VM)

Mapping

Algorithm Development

Installation

Prior knowledge of the component specification, operating conditions and signal pattern for each failure or validation mode (described below) are either supplied by the process engineer or extracted from an in-built knowledge base. This information is essential for subsequent diagnosis and validation of components and machines. There are four main aspects to be considered before developing the validation algorithms and their implementation.

Vision system (camera)

Vision system (camera)

Vision system (camera)

Scanning systemScanning systemScanning system

Proximity sensorProximity sensor

Proximity sensor EXPERT SYSTEM

QUALITY OUTPUT

Other sensory systemsOther sensory

systemsOther sensory systems

Other sensory systemsOther sensory

systemsOther sensory systems

Image processing,Crowding evaluation, Intruder tracking, Motion estimation, object detection)

Low-Level Image Processing Change-detection, Edge and region extractors etc. )

Object detection

"Data fusion is a formal framework in which there are expressed means and tools for the alliance of data originating from different sources, and for the

exploitation of their synergy in order to obtain information whose quality cannot be achieved otherwise".