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4 - 2Copyright 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved.
What is Software?
Definition: Various kinds of programs used to
operate computers and related devices
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reserved.
Types of Software
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reserved.
Types of Software
Application Software- performsinformation processing tasks for
end users
System Softwaremanages andsupports operations of computer
systems
and networks
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reserved.
Application Software
General-Purposeprograms that performcommon information
processing jobs for
end users
Application-Specificsupport specific
applications of end users in business and
other fields
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reserved.
How is Software Developed?
Custom Softwaresoftware applicationsthat are developed within an
organization
for use by that organization
Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS)
Softwaresoftware that is developed by
a software developer with the intention ofselling the software
in multiple copies
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rights reserved.
General-Purpose Application Software
Software Suites Web Browsers
Electronic Mail
Word Processing Spreadsheets
Database Managers
Presentation Graphics Personal Information Managers
Groupware
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rights reserved.
Software Suites
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rights reserved.
Integrated Packages
Definition: Combine some of the functions of several
programs into one software package
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rights reserved.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Definition: Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so
on, which gives an application its look and
feel
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rights reserved.
Web Browser
Definition: Software interface used to point and click
through the hyperlinked resources of the
Internet
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rights reserved.
Web Browser
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rights reserved.
Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging
Electronic Mailsoftware used to sendand receive electronic
messages and file
attachments via the Internet, intranets or
extranets
Instant Messaging (IM)software used to
send and receive electronic messagesinstantly to facilitate real
time
communication and collaboration
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rights reserved.
E-mail
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rights reserved.
Word Processing & Desktop Publishing
Word Processingsoftware that supportsthe creation, editing,
revision and printing
of documents
Desktop Publishing (DTP)software that
supports the production of materials that
look professionally published
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rights reserved.
Word Processing
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rights reserved.
Electronic Spreadsheets
Definition: Software that supports the development of
electronic worksheets consisting of rows
and columns used for business analysis,planning and modeling
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rights reserved.
Spreadsheets
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rights reserved.
Presentation Graphics
Definition: Software that helps convert numeric data
into graphics displays and prepare
multimedia presentations includinggraphics, photos, animation,
and video
clips
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rights reserved.
Presentation Software
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reserved.
Graphics Software
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reserved.
Video Software
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reserved.
Personal Information Manager (PIM)
Definition: Software for end user productivity and
collaboration
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reserved.
Groupware
Definition: Software that helps workgroups and
teams work together to accomplish group
assignments
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reserved.
Software Alternatives
Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelfsoftware
Application Service Providerscompanies that own, operate,
and
maintain application software and the
computer system resources required tooffer the use of the
application software
for a fee as a service over the Internet
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reserved.
Software Licensing
Purchasing the right to use specificsoftware under the terms of
the software
licensing agreement
Protects the vendors intellectual property
right
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reserved.
System Software
System Management Programsprograms thatmanage the hardware,
software, network, and
data resources of computer systems during the
execution of various information processing jobs
of end users
System Development Programsprograms that
help users develop information systemprograms and procedures and
prepare user
programs for computer processing
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reserved.
Operating System
Definition: An integrated system of programs that
manages the operations of the CPU,
controls the input/output and storageresources and activities of
the computer
system, and provides various support
services as the computer executes the
application programs of users
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reserved.
Operating System Functions
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reserved.
User Interface
Definition: The part of the operating system that
allows you to communicate with it so you
can load programs, access files, andaccomplish other tasks
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reserved.
Types of User Interfaces
Command-Driven
Menu-Driven
Graphical User Interfaces
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reserved.
Resource Management
Definition: Programs to manage the hardware and
networking resources of a computer
system, including its CPU, memory,secondary storage devices,
telecommunications processors, and
input/output peripherals
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reserved.
File Management
Definition: Programs that control the creation,
deletion, and access of files of data and
programs as well as keeping track of thephysical location of
files on magnetic disks
and other secondary storage devices
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reserved.
Task Management
Definition: Programs that control which task gets
access to the CPU and for how much time
Multitaskingapproach that allows for
several computing tasks to be performed
in a seemingly simultaneous fashion
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reserved.
Popular Operating Systems
Microsoft Windows
UNIX
Linux
Mac OS X
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reserved.
Other System Management Programs
Performance Monitorsprograms thatmonitor and adjust the
performance and
usage of one or more computer systems
to keep them running efficiently
Security Monitorsprograms that monitor
and control the use of computer systemsand provide warning
messages and
record evidence of unauthorized use of
computer resources
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reserved.
Application Servers
Definition: Software which provides an interface
between an operating system and
application programs of users
Middlewaresoftware that helps diverse
software applications and networkedcomputer systems exchange
data and
work together more efficiently
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reserved.
Programming Language
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reserved.
Programming Languages
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reserved.
Machine Languages
All program instructions had to be writtenusing binary codes
unique to each
computer
Programmers had to have a detailed
knowledge of the internal operations of
the specific type of CPU
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reserved.
Assembler Languages
Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols areused to represent
operation codes and
storage locations
Language translator programs are
required to convert the instructions into
machine instructions
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reserved.
High-Level Languages
Instructions that use brief statements orarithmetic
expressions
Each statement generates severalmachine instructions when
translated by
compilers or interpreters
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reserved.
Fourth-Generation Languages
Nonproceduralprogrammers specifyresults while computer
determines the
sequence of instructions that will
accomplish those results
Natural Languagevery close to human
language
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reserved.
Object-Oriented Languages
Ties together dataelement and the
procedures or actions
that will be performed
upon them
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reserved.
Web Languages
HTMLa page description language thatcreates hypertext or
hypermedia documents
XMLdescribes the contents of Web pages by
applying identifying tags or contextual labels tothe data in Web
documents
Javaan object-oriented programminglanguage that is simple,
secure and platform
independent
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reserved.
HTML
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reserved.
Web Services
Definition: Software components that are based on a
framework of Web and object-oriented
standards and technologies for using theWeb to electronically
link the applications
of different user and different computing
platforms
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reserved.
Web Services
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reserved.
Language Translator Programs
Assemblertranslates the symbolic instructioncodes of programs
written in an assembler
language into machine language instructions
Compilertranslates high-level languagestatements
Interpretercompiler that translates andexecutes each statement
in a program one at a
time
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reserved.
Programming Tools
Graphical Programming Interfaces
Programming Editors
Debuggers
CASE tools
C #3 G th f Li i B i
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reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business
Statistics: Linux runs almost 15% of all servers
Growing at 23% per year
Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux
Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief
technologists were considering moving their
companies PCs to Linux
C #3 G th f Li i B i
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reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business
How did Linux get into the mainstream? Low-cost alternative in
sagging economy
Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft
IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible
Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on
corporate customers
C #3 G th f Li i B i
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Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business
Open Source: Free
Stable
Easily fixed if bugs appear
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C #3 G th f Li i B i
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reserved.
Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business
3. Should the IT departments of companieslike Merrill Lynch
contribute their
software improvements to the open-
source community for products like
Linux? Explain your reasoning.
C #4 U i J i B i
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reserved.
Case #4: Using Java in Business
Benefits: Java can run on any hardware or
operating systems
Easy to modify code as needs expand Networking capabilities
reduce the need
for remote servers
Easy to integrate with middleware anddatabases
C #4 U i J i B i
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reserved.
Case #4: Using Java in Business
1. What are the benefits of Java as aprogramming language for
retail POSapplications compared to other programminglanguages?
2. What are the benefits of Java for thedevelopment of
e-commerce portals forcustomers and suppliers like PartsEdge?
3. Why do companies like Marks WorkWearhouse frequently team
Java with theLinux operating system?
S
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reserved.
Summary
Computer software consists ofapplications software that directs
the
performance of a particular use of
computers to meet the information
processing needs of users, and system
software that controls and supports the
operations of a computer system as it
performs various information processingtasks.
S mmar
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reserved.
Summary
Application software includes general-purpose
and application-specific categories.
General-purpose application programs perform
common information processing jobs for endusers.
Application-specific programs accomplishinformation processing
tasks that support
specific business functions.
Summary
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reserved.
Summary
System software can be subdivided into systemmanagement programs
and systemdevelopment programs.
System management programs manage thehardware, software,
network, and dataresources of a computer system during itsexecution
of information processing jobs.
System development programs help ISspecialists develop computer
programs tosupport business processes.
Summary
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reserved.
Summary
An operating system is an integratedsystem of programs that
supervises the
operation of the CPU, controls the
input/output and storage functions of the
computer system, and provides various
support services.
Summary
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reserved.
Summary
Programming languages require the useof a variety of programming
packages to
help programmers develop computer
programs, and language translator
programs to convert programming
language instructions into machine
language instruction codes.
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End of Chapter
Chapter
4
