Change Shift1

8/13/2019 Change Shift1

1/14

Lecture 10

2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.


2/14

1. Language change

code

switching

codealternation

passivefamiliarity negotiation

SLAstrategies

Bilingual L1

acquisition deliberate

decision

Seven mechanisms which make language change:



3/14

#1: LC by code-switching

Thomason refers to nativization as a feature of CS.

Language change is occurred, first if monolingualspeakers use a source language element whenspeaking their language, interference is plausible (asspeakers cannot code-switch to and from a languagethat they do not know).

Secondly, if an element is nativized, it is plausible thatit is an established interference feature. If it is notnativized then it could be either an establishedinterference feature or a code-switch.



4/14

#2: LC by code-alternation

Code alternation (CA) is a communicationstrategy that does not occur in the sameconversation with the same speaker. CA is

common existed when speakers use onelanguage at home and another in the work place,etc.

Borrowing interference is considered less in CAcomparatively with CS.

However, CA less brings in shift inducedlanguage change.



5/14

#3: LC by Passive Familiarity

Passive familiarity (PF) is less visible than CA.

It is occured when speakers acquire a featurefrom a language that he/she understands buthas never actively spoken it (Thomason 2001:139).

PF too involves partial activation of a foreign

system. PF are found from languages that are closely

related and share much of their vocabulary.



6/14

#4 : LC by Negotiation First negotiation is marked by speakers who are not

fluent in the languages. In such situations, speakers oflanguage A (who are not fluent in language B) trying

to emulate the patterns of language B in speaking thelanguage A.

Second type of negotiation is marked if the speakersare proficient in both languages (i.e. bilinguals) where

the structures of A and B will converge. In this type ofnegotiation there will be no errors according toThomason (2001).

Both negotiation can induce language change.



7/14

#5 : LC by SLA strategies SLA strategies may induce to a language change such

as the gap filling approach (using material from thenative language while speaking the target language;

Or, maintaining distinctions and patterns of the nativelanguage in constructing the target language (theprojection of L1 structure to L2 structure);

Language change is also occurred by ignoring

distinctions of the target language which results inerrors of omission and failure to learn certain featuresof the target language.



8/14

#6 : LC by Bilingual FLA

It is observed to occur in the domain ofacquiring two languages simultaneously asL1s.

Children growing up bilingual revealed anincrease in word order patterns.

Another feature that characterizes bilingualfirst language acquisition is phonologicalfeatures like intonation.



9/14

#7 : LC by Deliberate decision

Speakers can [if they wish to do so]deliberately change their language byadopting certain loanwords, phonological

categories and syntax (Thomason 2001).By a deliberate decision, speakers make their

own code to speak; such as handsomestfor

most handsome.Standard languages can deliberately

undergo significant changes.



10/14

2. Language Shift Language shift may lead to the death of another language

in its totality, leaving no speakers of the language, or deathof the language in a specific community.

Bilingualism can ultimately lead to language shift in a

society and is oftenmarked by intergenerational switchingof the languages.

Another factor associated with language shift is that ofmigration.

A large number of speakers of the other language maymigrate or be imported to a society.

Urbanization and prestige are two other factors that havebeen identified as influential in language spread and shift.



11/14

3. Language Maintenance

If a shift does not occur, or if it occurs only incertain domains of a society, then some degree oflanguage maintenance occurs.

The language used in other government agencies isalso of some importance in supporting of alanguage maintenance.

The language that the government chooses for itsschools and for communication with its people canalso promote language shift if there is no supportfor the maintenance of the native language.



12/14

4. Language & Nationalism

Nationalists often use language as a symbol ofnational identity and at the same time as aninstrument to promote the distinctiveness of the

group. Nationalism is considered as a movement that can

promote the spread or maintenance of a language(Lewis, 1985; Dressler, 1982).

In Indonesia, language nationalism is maintainedby the use of Bahasa Indonesia as the nationallanguage, not the others.



13/14

5. Conclusion: Nationalism, L-shift

and L-maintenance Nationalist movements may drive for maintenance

of the native language even when conditions forshift are present.

When the instrumental motivation to learn theadditional language no longer exists, languageshift is also less likely to occur.

Nationalism's emphasis on language loyalty

appears to play a role not only in native languagemaintenance but also in impeding the spread orshift to another language.



14/14

Thank you

Terimakasih

Dankjewel Merci

Syukron ArigatoBedank Salamat

Gracias 2013 Iwan Fauzi, M.A.

Documents

Change Shift1