Challenges and Opportunities for EVs and AVs …...Challenges and Opportunities for EVs and AVs integration Dr. Liana Cipcigan Reader, Energy Institute, School of Engineering Co-director

Challenges and Opportunities for

EVs and AVs integrationDr. Liana Cipcigan

Reader, Energy Institute, School of Engineering

Co-director EVCE Electric Vehicle Centre of Excellence

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

DNO/DSO

SO

Cardiff University Integrated approach of EVs integration

Intelligent infrastructure / Smart Grids

Data management

Resilience

Cybersecurity

Behavioral

Innovation

AutomotiveR&D

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AutomotiveBusiness Models

Electricity Markets

Ancillary Services

Flexibility

Edge devices

INTEGRATED MODEL

Electricity and transport systems

Power electronics converters

Grant

Period

Title Amount Sponsor

2012-2014 Smart management of electric vehicles http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewGrant.aspx

?GrantRef=EP/I038756/1

EPSRC

2011-2012 Pathways” – Electric Vehicle Value Chain, Bridging the

gaps

http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/ EPSRC

2012-2013 Agent-based controllers for EVs and micro-generators http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/ Innovate UK

2011-2013 Scenarios for the development of smart grids in the

UK

www.smartgridscenarios.org.uk UKERC

2010-2011 Mobile Energy Resources in Grids of Electricity

(MERGE)

http://www.ev-merge.eu/ EC FP7

2010-2012 European network on electric vehicles and

transferring expertise (ENEVATE)

http://www.enevate.eu/ EC, INTERREG IVC

2013-2016 SCADA Cyber Security Lifecycle (SCADA-CSL): £277,000 EADS Innovation Works

2014-2017 Ebbs and Flows of Energy System www.eandfes.co.uk

£1.9M

EPSRC/Innovate UK

2014-2017 Grid Economics, Planning and Business Models for

Smart Electric Mobility

£325,170 EPSRC

2011-2015 COST

Autonomic Road Transport Support

https://helios.hud.ac.uk/cost/ EC

2013-2016 eBRIDGE: empowering e-fleets for business and

private purposes in cities

http://www.ebridge-

project.eu/en/about/introduction

Intelligent Energy Europe

2014-2017 I CVUE : Incentives for Clean Vehicles in Urban

Europe

http://icvue.eu/ Intelligent Energy Europe

2014-2017 MAS2TERING

Multi-Agent Systems and Secured coupling of

Telecom and Energy gRIds for Next Generation smart

grid services

http://www.mas2tering.eu/ EC

ICT-Smart Energy Grids

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http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/NGBOViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/I038756/1

http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/

http://evvc.engineering.cf.ac.uk/

http://www.smartgridscenarios.org.uk/

http://www.ev-merge.eu/

http://www.enevate.eu/

http://www.eandfes.co.uk/

https://helios.hud.ac.uk/cost/

http://www.ebridge-project.eu/en/about/introduction

http://icvue.eu/

http://www.mas2tering.eu/

Welsh Automotive Forum

IEEE Standards Association

Member of WG p.2030.1, Guide for Transportation Electrification

Invited expert - Working Group

Smart Charging under CEN/CENELEC M468 and M490

European Network on EV and Transferring Expertise

Climate Change Commission for Wales

Low Carbon Vehicle Steering Group

Welsh Government

BSI technical committee ESL/120 Electrical Energy Storage

EVCE Activities

SC C2 System

Operation and

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Regulatory & Policy Framework

• Government's ambition to ban petrol and diesel cars by 2040

• Electric and Autonomous Vehicle Bill passage through the Parliamentary

process.

• This bill will create the regulatory framework for Autonomous Vehicles and

aims to improve the network of charging points for electric vehicles.

– All charge points will have to be ‘smart’, meaning they can interact with

the grid in order to manage demand for electricity across the country.

– A new amendment to this bill aims to make it mandatory for electric

car charging point operators to transmit power consumption data to

Britain's National Grid and local electricity DNO.

– All drivers of automated vehicles will be required to be insured and

victims of collisions involving an automated vehicle will have quick and

easy access to compensation, in line with existing insurance practices.

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Foreign oil dependency

Climate change/air quality

Energy cost (transportation costs)

Key Issues Electric Transportation as a Solution

Decreasing fossil fuel resources Transportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption

High emissions from transportation sector

An answer to the high petrol pricesTo fuel an electric car £1 to 2 /100 km

JobsElectric vehicle and related technologies can

influence “green” jobs development

Why go Electric? 4 Key Reasons

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Air quality

Good cities and bad cities…

CalgaryIn Calgary 90% of trips are by car

In Hong Kong less than 20% of trips are by car7

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Our cities and regions

• The Scottish Government has pledged to phase out new petrol and diesel cars and vans across Scotland by 2032, and "massively expand" charging points and set up pilot projects to encourage uptake of EVs.

• Oxford to ban all petrol and diesel vehicles and become ‘world’s first zero-emissions zone’

• Council plans to start phasing out polluting vehicles barred from six streets in the city centre including taxis, cars and buses from city centre area in 2020

• The Cambridge City Council is looking into the possibility of banning petrol and diesel cars in certain parts of Cambridge city centre, as part of their efforts to reduce congestion and improve air quality.

• Areas that might see the ban of petrol vehicles include Market Square, in the hope that the suppression of petrol and diesel vehicles will encourage the use of clean, electric operators.

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Electric Busses• Local authorities and bus companies in Bristol, York, Brighton,

Surrey, Denbighshire and Wiltshire have been awarded the

funding under the government’s ‘Low emission bus scheme’ to

help them buy 153 cleaner buses (Government announcement)

• Six Wrightbus StreetAir vehicles will take on a route serving

much of central Edinburgh

• Lothian Buses has invested more than £2.7m in the service.

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• A further 36 electric buses are to go into service in the UK’s

capital following a new contract with bus operator London United.

(June 2017)

• The UK has the highest number of electric buses in Europe

• The UK has the largest number of these buses with over 18% of

the total European fleet, followed by the Netherlands,

Switzerland, Poland and Germany, with around 10% each.

• The report reveals that 19 public transport operators and

authorities, covering around 25 European cities, have published

strategies that should see more than 2,500 electric buses operating

in those cities by 2020, 6% of their combined fleets.

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Electric Busses

Zero Emission Urban Bus System (ZeEUS) project

Electric Taxis

• Electric black cabs – London

• More than 9,000 such taxis, roughly half the current black cab

fleet, are expected on London's roads by 2021.

• The new TX can travel 80 miles on a single battery charge and is

fitted with a 1.5 litre petrol engine to assist with longer journeys.

• Electric Blue is offering Electric taxis Dedicated rapid charger

network - will allow you to recharge in as little as 20 minutes -

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Electric Vehicles uptake (NG FES)

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What demand are we expecting?

• National Grid 2017 FES document which indicate that there is a lack

of electricity generation capacity to support the forecasted increase in

the EVs uptake.

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What demand are we expecting?

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Foreign Oil Dependency

• Oil is predominately a transportation energy problem

68.3% (USA)

• America is the largest consumer of energy per capita

• Largest consumer of energy overall

1/4 of global total

• Largest emitter of carbon

And, China is trying to catch up…

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Cost of Electricity as a transportation fuel

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Independent drivers for E-mobility

Energy: Smart GridsTransport: Sustainable urban mobility

Smart Cities

Electromobility as part of the Smart Grid

• As mobile loads, sufficient energy to charge the

electric car

• Control charging

•Electric car as storage devices through V2G

Electromobility as integral part of urban mobility

• CO2 reduction through electric car

• Complete urban mobility through integration if

individual and public transport

•Infrastructure interdependencies 25

Power of Flexibility from EVs

• EVs could offer benefits to the grid

• Mobile battery resource with a geographically distributed energy

storage capacity through V2G.

• Smart charging arrangements for peak shaving using Time of

Use tariffs

• Demand Side Response to provide balancing services to NG.

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EVs moderate the electricity prices

• An interesting analysis in USA shows that EVs have the potential

to decrease, or at least moderate the growth of, utility rates.

• For a technology that will increase total demand for electricity, this

may seem counter-intuitive.

• EV typically charge at night, when electricity is cheapest to

generate. By balancing the demand for electricity between day and

night, EV decrease the average cost of electricity. Thus, overall

rates decrease.

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High Solar Impacts on System Operability

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Continuous trend of an increase in distributed solar generation

Falling of peak electricity demand, particularly during summer.

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High Solar Impacts on System Operability

Afternoon transmission system demand falls below overnight demand for the first time due to solar generation

Propose and demonstrate new balancing services:

Demand Side Response from Electric Vehicles and storage (V2G) facilitated by Virtual Power Plant

The relationship between EVs and AVs

ELECTRIFICATION

• Replace existing technology

• Driven by regulation

• Resistant in market

• EV is the foundation for AV

• EVs are set to succeed

• The price of EV batteries

has fallen by 65% since 2010

(NG FES 2017)

AUTOMATION

• New technology

• Driven by investment

• Outpacing regulation and law

• Experts from leading manufacturer's BMW and Ford agreed that AV are likely to be capable of making decisions in the event of an accident (that could result in life or death) before regulation can catch up.

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Moral Machine MIT

• Play this killer self-driving car ethics game

• In, This new game called the “Moral Machine” from MIT’s

researchers, a car’s breaks fail and you have to choose whether it

crashes into a barrier, killing the passengers, or swerves into the cross-

walk, killing pedestrians.

• The game lets you make the calls in the famous “trolley problem” and

see analytics about your ethics.

• Who should be responsible for these choices?

• The non-driving passenger, the company who made the AI or no one?

http://moralmachine.mit.edu/31

The test is premised on indifference to death.

There are no other options only to cause death.

The question is just how technology can allocate that indifference as

efficiently as possible.

Moral Machine MIT

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2 days ago …

• Tempe police said the self-driving car was in autonomous mode

at the time of the crash and that the vehicle hit a woman, who

was walking outside of the crosswalk and later died at a hospital.

• There was a vehicle operator inside the car at the time of the

crash.

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Conditions for Success in EVs and AV deployment

• Policy and legislation – Pilar 1

• A proactive government that attracts partnership with manufacturers

• Technology & Innovation – Pilar 2

• Private-sector investment and innovation

• Infrastructure – Pilar 3

• Excellent road and mobile network infrastructure

• Consumer Acceptance – Pilar 4

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Decreasing fossil fuel resourcesTransportation sector uses ¼ of the total energy consumption and 2/3 of world oil consumption






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Reason 4 Potential Job Creation

Major Vehicle Original Equipment Manufacturers

(OEMs)

Vehicle Conversions

Advanced electronics and chargers

Smart metering and charging

Grid hardware and charging infrastructure

Batteries

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Example Vehicle conversion – job creation

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Think the cost of dong nothing!

• Keeping everything else about our system the same, will be a disaster.

• Present - our “roads - individuals driving alone in their cars (75% of all trips).

• Future - our streets with 50% of the cars have no people in them at all (AV)

• In the next five years, over 120 electric vehicle models will be available to the public.

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Car Sharing autolib Paris

• Autolib is run by the Groupe Bolloré.

• Integrating battery technology, customer interface and project

management

• Unique design of car developed by CeComp and built by Pininfarina

in Italy after mainstream car makers expressed no interest.

• The Autolib’ service is available in 90 communes in the Paris region.

• In 2015, the cars have covered a total of 50 million kilometers.

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• Bolloré makes chargers, card readers, and batteries.

…and manages the call centre.

• When local authorities invest, Autolib pays for parking spaces.

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Bluecity London

• The successful implementation of a public electric car-sharing in Paris proves that it can be implemented everywhere.

• The rapid expansion of this service in Paris was made possible by the strong support of local authorities, which were committed to the development of car-sharing.

• It was the first time that a city manages a car sharing system.

• Following the success of this service in Paris, Autolib has expanded to Lyon and Bordeaux in France, London in UK and as a small-scale service in Indianapolis in the USA

• Bluecity was launched in London in April 2017

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https://www.blue-city.co.uk/ 46

• Autolib charging points are compatible with the following vehicles:

– Nissan e-nv200 evalia;

– Mitsubishi Outlander hybrid ;

– Peugeot Ion (Customer must provide their own cable // Recent models since 2013 are compatible);

– Citroën C0 (Models prior to May 2013: only on the « scooter » outlet on the charging points (Customer must provide their

own cable) //

– Recent models since 2013 : compatible) ;

– Citroën Berlingo Electric ;

– Peugeot Partner Electric ;

– Renault Zoé ;

– Renault Twizy ;

– Renault Kangoo Van Z.E. ;

– Renault Fluence Z.E. ;

– Mia Electric ;

– Nissan Leaf ;

– Toyota Prius ;

– BMW : I3 225xe Serie 2 Active Tourer 330e, I8, X5 xDrive40e ;

– Scooter BMW C Evolution;

– Mini CountryMan ;

– Volvo: XC60 Plug in Hybrid, V90 Plug in Hybrid, S90 Plug in Hybrid, XC90 Plug in Hybrid ;

– Mercedes-Benz : Classe B 250 e, Classe C 350 e (all body types), GLC 350 e 4MATIC (all body types), Classe E 350 e (all

body types), Classe S 500 e L, GLE 500 e ;

– Smart: fortwo electric drive, fortwo cabrio electric drive and forfour electric drive (models since march 2017) ;

– Volkswagen: Golf GTE Hybrid, E-Up, E-Golf, Passat GTE, Passat SW GTE ;

– Kia: Soul, Optima, Niro PHEV ;

– Audi: A3 Sportback e-tron, A3 Sportback e-tron facelift, Q7 e-tron ;

– Hyundai: IONIQ ;

– Tesla: model S, model X ;

– Porsche: Cayenne, Panamera ;

– Aixam: e-Aixam

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AV start-up race

• Nuro and Udelv bet autonomous delivery vans will be first vehicles in self-driving sector - unmanned delivery vans

• Competitor companies in Silicon Valley

• Advantage - smaller than ordinary cars.

• Nuro’s prototype is about half the width of a standard sedanUnlike other delivery robot start-ups, which design machines to travel at low speeds on pavements alongside pedestrians, these new vehicles will drive on the road and follow the same rules as regular traffic.

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Udelv start-up

• Packages delivered - the compartment opens with one tap from

the right phone. It’s simple and secure

• Users have full control over delivery time and location. No more

restrictions due to human drivers and scheduling issues.

• Udelv is the first public-road autonomous and electric delivery

vehicle resulting in dramatic decrease in the cost of local

deliveries, add delivery window flexibility, and significantly

reduce a city’s carbon footprint.

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Documents

Challenges and Opportunities for EVs and AVs …...Challenges and Opportunities for EVs and AVs integration Dr. Liana Cipcigan Reader, Energy Institute, School of Engineering Co-director