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BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and Extension programs.
Challenges and Benefits of Winter Cover Crops in Southern New Mexico
Erik A. Lehnhoff1, Prashasti Agarwal1, Makane Mason1, John Idowu2, Soum Sanogo1 and Brian Schutte1
1Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science2Plant and Environmental Sciences
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Cover crops
• Unharvested crops grown in a season between cash crops
• Grown for system benefits, not for harvest
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
• Mycorrhizae are a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots
• Increase access to nutrients, P• Can boost plant chemical defense
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
• Symbiotic relationship between bacteria and plant
• Common beans: <50 lb acre-1
• Cowpeas, fava beans: 250 lb acre-1
• Alfalfa, sweet clover: 250-500 lb acre-1
Nitrogen Fixation by LegumesGuide A-129Revised by Robert Flynn and John IdowuCollege of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
• During winter and spring• During cash crop growth• Largely a function of cover crop
biomass production• But also allelopathy
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
• Mustards produce secondary metabolites
• Glucosinolate• Break down to isothiocyanate
• Isothiocyanate is biofumigantfor soil borne pathogens
• Plant parasitic nematodes• Verticillium• Phytopthora
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Cover-Crops/Benefits-of-Cover-Crops
disease
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Benefits
• Nutrient scavengers• Capture and
subsequently release nutrients
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Increased off-season operation costs• Costs are seen immediately, where
benefits are usually seen gradually• Seed
• Barley $48 acre-1
• Peas, $58 acre-1
• Mustard, $63 acre-1
• Tractor time• Irrigation
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Increased off-season operation costs• Costs are seen immediately, where
benefits are usually seen gradually• Cover crops can be hosts for pests
and pathogens• Beet leaf hoppers, plant parasitic
nematodes, onion maggots?
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Mustard plants are excellent host for beet leafhoppers
• Transmit curly top disease to wide range of crops
• Chile, tomato, lettuce, spinach, hemp, cucumbers
• Mustard plants may also host root knot nematode
• Affects chile, tomato and corn
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Increased off-season operation costs• Costs are seen immediately, where
benefits are usually seen gradually• Cover crops can be hosts for pests
and pathogens• Beet leaf hoppers, plant parasitic
nematodes, onion maggots?
• Water use• Use water at expense of cash crop• May require irrigation
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
https://www.currentresults.com/Weather/US/average-annual-state-precipitation.php
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Cover crop growing season Cash crop growing season
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Increased off-season operation costs• Costs are seen immediately, where
benefits are usually seen gradually• Cover crops can be hosts for pests
and pathogens• Beet leaf hoppers, plant parasitic
nematodes, onion maggots?
• Water use• Use water at expense of cash crop• May require irrigation
• Termination and biomass management
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Timing of termination• Especially difficult with mixture
• Difficulty of termination• Some cover crops hard to kill
• Biomass management• Too much of a good thing?
Challenges
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Choose type of cover crops based on farm objectives
How to Implement Cover Crops
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Grasses• Nutrient scavengers • Add organic matter • Quick establishers
https://roundstoneseed.com/naturalized-grasses/148-annual-rye-grass.html
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/grains/cover-crops/growing-winter-wheat.htm
https://www.greencoverseed.com/product/1054/
• Weed control
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Legumes
• Organic matter• Close canopy
• Nitrogen fixing
https://natureandnurtureseeds.com/products/hairy-vetch
https://meritseed.com/dutch-white-clover-perennial-coated-pre-inoculated/
http://www.southernexposure.com/austrian-winter-peas-12-lb-p-1813.html
• Increase yield
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Brassicas• Soil compaction• Biofumigant properties:
nematodes, root pathogens, weeds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZiqiNjD4sQ4
https://www.greencoverseed.com/product/1067/
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Choose type of cover crops based on farm objectives
• Plant late September through early October
• Barley, 100 lb acre-1
• Peas, 80 lb acre-1
• Mustard, 12 lb acre-1
• Mix• Barley, 30 lb acre-1
• Peas, 80 lb acre-1
• Mustard, 5 lb acre-1
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Choose type of cover crops based on farm objectives
• Plant late September through early October
• Irrigate as necessary (but how much is necessary?)
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Choose type of cover crops based on farm objectives
• Plant late September through early October
• Irrigate as necessary (but is it necessary?)
• Terminate
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Termination methods• Herbicide• Cut and disk• Roller crimper
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Termination methods for mustard
• Before full bloom• Avoid hottest part of day• Must cut/chop mustard• Incorporate IMMEDIATELY
in top 15-20 cm• Roll or pack soil
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Choose type of cover crops based on farm objectives
• Plant late September through early October
• Irrigate as necessary (but is it necessary?)
• Terminate• Irrigate
How to Implement
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Our projects and some results…
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
• Cereal rye• Mustard • Hairy vetch• 2-way mixes• 3-way mix
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Soil Stability
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Nitrogen
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Corn Yield
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
2 irrigations
1 irrigation
3 irrigations
Key
CC Species
B – BarleyM – MustardP – PeaMx - Mix
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
2 irrigations
1 irrigation
3 irrigations
Key
CC Species
B – BarleyM – MustardP – PeaMx - Mix
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
RESULTS: COVER CROP BIOMASS PRODUCTION
2018 – No irrigation effects on the CC
biomass production, across both sites
a aa
a
a
a
aa
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a aa a a a
a aa
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
EFFECT OF CC SPECIES ON BIOMASS
PRODUCTION
a
a
aa
a
b b
c
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
NITROGEN FERTILIZER
REQUIREMENT
**Irrigations had no treatment effect, data was pooled
abab aa
c
ab
c c
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
CORN YIELD: COB WEIGHT (kg/ha)**Irrigations had no treatment effect, data were pooled
a aaaaa
bcab
ab
c
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Future work• Other methods for cover crop
termination• Incorporate cover crops with chile
production• Termination date
• To prevent beet leafhopper attack of chile
• To make sure isothiocyanate does not affect chile
• Can cover crops be used as part of integrated weed management plan?
• Economic analysis
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Summary / ConclusionBenefits• Improves soil
stability• Increases nutrients• May reduce pest
pressure• May increase cash
crop yield
Challenges• Increased up-front
cost• Increased risk for
certain diseases• Water use• Termination
difficulties
BE BOLD. Shape the Future.New Mexico State Universityaces.nmsu.edu
Acknowledgements
Students and staff
Edward Morris
Joshua BleiweissDavid Duran
Andres Indacochea
Asmita Nagila
FundingUSDA – NIFA, AFRI,
Foundational Knowledge of
Agricultural Production Systems Program
New Mexico State University –Agricultural
Experiment Station