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BISHOP SCOTT BOYS’SCHOOL(Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) Affiliation No.: 330726, School Campus:Chainpur, Jaganpura, By-Pass, Patna 804453.Phone Number: 7061717782, 9798903550. ,Web: www.bishopscottboysschool.comEmail: info@bishopscottboysschool.com

STUDY COURSE MATERIALSOCIAL SCIENCESESSION-2020-21

CLASS -8

TOPIC: IDEAS AND IDEALS OF THE CONSTITUTION

DAY-1

TEACHING MATERIALLaws discipline society through its regulation by appropriate agencies. Laws are structured with in aframework as stipulated and well scripted of desired nature possibly to negate undesired behaviors.In simple words it adds a constraint over our actions and behaviors by enforcing laws as appropriateby nature so as casual effects of adverse sorts are minimized or zeroed.Today the most civilized nations are the democratic nations where rights of everyone is cared for.Laws circumscribe the state government to function in a well defined manner as stipulated in the lawbook called as constitution.

DO YOU KNOW TILL DATE TRANSGENDERS IN USA ARE MISCEGANATED AND NOT REPRESENTEDEQUALLY IN PROFESSIONAL LIVES????WHILE THE SAME LETS LOOK INTO THE LAW JUSTPASSED 2 DAYS BACK IN USA DATED 16th JUNE ,2020.

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THIS ACT IS REPRESENTATION OF RIGHT TO EQUALITY; RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF CHOICE ANDRIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION….CAN BE SAID A PACKAGE OF SUB ELEMENTS IN ONE.WONDER STILL THE MOST PROGRESSIVE NATION OF THE WORLD IS YET IN THIS 21ST CENTURYBENT ON EQUALIZING THE DIVERSITY IT CONCEDES TO ITS POPULATION.

BELOW IS THE EXTRACT FROM THE NEWSPAPAPER

SAD…….SAD……DEPRIVED AND MARFINALIZED YET ATLARGE.

Reasons for instilling of a Formal, legal flexibleand written constitution in a democratic nation

Constitution helps define the political structureand sovereign of a state.

Constitution limits the powers at variousorgans of the government.

Constitution ensures the fundamental rights toone and all.

Constitution limits the misuse of power. Constitution explains the basic structure or

fundamental nature of the constitutionimbibing spirit of socialism; secularism;sovereign; republic ; democratic in nature.

Constitution puts control on exploitationagainst under-priviledged and marginalized byenforcing right to equality and other nondiscriminatory provisions with in the country.

FEATURES OF CONSTITUTION

The Preamble of Indian ConstitutionPreamble declares India to be a sovereign,socialist, secular and democratic republic. The

objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure justice,liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity tomaintain unity and integrity of the nation.

While now coming to each terminology definitely each onedepicts a signified meaning of its own. Can be said - eachword as inscripted with in the preamble is manifested withdeep inculcated values likely to effet the existence of itscitizen.

Socialism- Imbibes the spirit of state as. welfare oriented government.

Sovereign - a nation inclined to define its territorial boundary and at the same time proviledged to

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elect its government with a leader leading the nation well recognized and cherished by one and all.

Fraternity - link one another with the spirit of bonhomie; brotherhood and integration. The slogangoes wipe out the inner differences and let the buds of brotherhood bloom in the nation for this willunleash unity ans integration for the well being of one and all.

Demoratic - the wide connotation that people elect the government thus bestowing thesuperimposition od the concept - rule by the people.

Justice - dealing each one  in a very fair manner circumscribing the rules of the society and thestate and if any violation of rights be enforced through courts. Justice deliverance is basically insupport of  the judiciary system where  to approach is basically to avail justice in any form eithersocially, politically or economically. 

Liberty- implies to freedom or absence of any form of constraint over the way i want to live. But yesliberty should.not go up to the extremes that one starts taking unnecesary advantage of it crossingall boundried or limitationa. A defined boundary has to be marked which demarcates the level towhich ones exercise of freedom is permissible.

Equality - circumventing the concept of equal treatment of all despite varsities ot diversities.

DAY-2 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Rights are dues as expected and desired on part of the government by its citizens. These duesinstill a sense of faith into the government that they shall be cared after either out of correctivemeasures or procedural measures or may be even welfare measures endured by the state. Thesedues if fulfilled inculcate a sense of living with dignity and self aspirations.

Fundamental rights are rights of very pivotal naturewhich under no instance can be avoided. Itsavoidance shall lead to de-humanizing conditions of itspeople. In order to address a basic and minimaldegree of utmost survival amidst its population atease and with with tranquility the dissemination offrights universally is really important. Its endurancereveals a safe and secured future.

Different fundamental rights are enlisted into ourconstitution primarily 6 in number.They being :::Right to EqualityRight to freedomRight against ExploitationRight to ReligionRight to cultural and educational rightsRight to constitutional remedies.

Right to Equality entails every citizen of the country to be equal irrespective of caste, class,religion, color or racial difference. This as well signifies to every one having equalopportunities in the social economic or political sphere of life.

Article 14 to 18 talks of Right to equality. No discriminatory grounds are expected on thesame.

Abolition of untouchability and titles shall not be favored in an equal based society.

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Every one shall have equal opportunities to government or public service under the same.

Right to freedom can have various meanings as in ourconstitution-

• Freedom of expression of one’s view or opinion.• Freedom of right to practice ones trade or any profession• Freedom to form unions or organizations• Freedom to basic livelihood.• Freedom of protest in a peaceful manner without any violation of law.• Freedom to live with dignity.• Freedom to reside in any part of india as a resident.• Freedom to move freely throughout the country.

Right against exploitation.The right against exploitation seeks to protect citizens from being forced to work against theirwishes. Some forms of exploitation have been declared illegal. One of these is begari, or bondedlabour, which involves making people work without wages to repay loans

SHAME AMERICA SHAME……!!!!!!!THE WORLDS MOST PROSPEROUSSTATE DEFIED THE LAW OF EQUALITY……AS ILLUSTRATED IN THEPICTURE. KILLING OF GEORGE FLYOD RIGHT ON THE STREETS BY AWHITE MAN INCITED MULTIPLE.PROTESTS ACROSS THE WORLD ANDUSA UNDER THE BANNER OF ----I CANT BREATHE MOVEMENTACROSS THE WORLD. THIS HAPPENED AT MINNEPOLIS. WHILE THEINCIDENT WAS YET NOT OVER ONE MORE BLACK MAN WAS.KILLEDIN AMERICA AT ATLANTA OBER A LITTLR.BRAWL BY THE.POLICE.WHEN WILL THE RACIAL MISCEGANTION END???

THIS PIN POINTS TO LAW IS INHERENT AND ON PAGES BUT ARE THEY FOLLOWED?????IF NOCOERCIVE MEASURES BE INTRODUCED FOR FOLLOW UP OF THE PROCEDUAL LAW.

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Right to freedom of religion

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includesfreedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others andin public or private, to manifest his religion or belief, in worship, teaching practice and observanceParliamentary government

Right to educational and cultural rights

In India, cultural and educational rightmeans the rights of all sections of societythat saves their culture, script or language.The right to constitutional remedies ispresent for enforcement ofFundamental Rights.

Right to constitutionalremedies

(Articles 32 to 35) empowers the citizensto move to a court of law in case of anydenial of the fundamental rights

DAY- 3

FUNDAMENTAL DUTIESDifferent paragraphs connote variousinterpretations of Fundamental Duties oneof them as encapsulated from the textbook.The Fundamental Duties' are defined asthe moral obligations of all citizens to helppromote a spirit of patriotism and touphold the unity of India. These duties setout in Part IV–A of the Constitution,concern individuals and the nation.

Its our responsibility that we ensure ourduties towards the state and thegovernment as desired fulfilling the

following objectives: Ensure compliance to all statutory laws , procedural laws etx. Maintain integrity love and compassion surmounting all forms of emotions that shall

transcend to progression and peace with in the state. Aspire and inspire others to protect monuments of historical value and heritage. Protect public property in the interest of the nation Preserve the nature and environment for the safety of the future. Pay all forms of dues and obligations towards the state in the desired time Do not perform any kind of act that is scandalous; libelous ; endangering the territorial integrity

and sovereignty of the nation.

IMBIBES THE. PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIALISMSocialism a concept derived from Russia with the basic concept of non concentration of wealth inthe hands of few rather its distribution wide allay across all spheres and segments of the society. It

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calls for Egalitarian society where the monetary reserve does not remain concentrated in mere justminiscule count say capitalists rather its wide dissemination across wide sections to impede thedifferences owing to wide gap between the rich and the poorDIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICYThe Directives of principal policy under section 33 to 51 is bent on building a society that issocialistic and equal ritualistically in practice and by nature. The socialistic values whichcircumscribes to a nation fosters state sponsored economy or welfare oriented government. Muchof the principalities are derived from Gandhi wisdom of traditional or archetype form. Thesepostulates are not enforceable in courts asfundamental rights but does allow an in-depth vision into itself in structuring andforming of the fundamental laws or rights within the country. Various postulates arenoted within the same as mentionedunderneath:Right to livelihoodRight to equal pay for equal jobirrespective of gender.Instituting panchayati raj institutions with inthe country for local governance.Enforce and aggrandize cottage and other forms of rural industry to generate emoloyment.Right to hygiene surrounding and hygienic conditions curcumvailing the working areasprofessionally.Right to self respect and self esteem ensuring survival keeping both inspirations and aspirationsalive fruitfully. All duties instill a faith into its citizen on part of the state that they shall pave for abetter future and prosperity with participation at societal level of appropriate nature and as desiredat civilized level.

Differences between the fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy

Fundamental rights are pivotal and the most important rights that citizens have their due overthe state.

Directive principles of state policy though not binding is assigned sometimes to be the source orbackbone of the evolution of fundamental right.

Fundamental rights are enforceable in the court while directive principles of state policy not.

Fundamental rights calls for equality status of all while the directives pin point to formation ofa socialistic state where wealth distribution is the prime focus.

Article 14 to 32 circumscribes to Fundamental right while article 33 to 51 circumscribes todirectives principle of state policy

Gandhi ideology is the crux behind behind welfare state while British constitution is the majorinspiration behind Fundamental rightsFederal structure of the government

Supposed to inbuilt division or separation of powers between center state or any grassroots levelform of government.Allows separation of power between various organs of the government.Illustrates a norm of authority and power not concentrated in any one place or position ratherdiversified and multifaceted.

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DAY-4

Parliamentary form of Government

India has parliamentary form of government since the major political actions in the nationengulf with in & amidst the four walls of the parliament- the major governing body ; at thesame time having its complete control over the executives with specification into theboundaries with in which they need to devolve their powers and functions. Exceeding theboundaries of limited power and authority of each would amount to contravention of the law.

Parliamentary form of government has its origin from United Kingdom. The state and  thegovernment there functions under multi party system primarily engulfing two representativebodies - House of the Lords and House of the Commons eaxh having well defined functiosand objectives.

A parliament in India comprises of 2 sets of bodies one directly elected -  Lok Sabha and theother indirectly elected- Raj Sabha.  The members of both the houses are called asParliamentarians whose function is basically to look into the needs and aspirations of thecitizens of the country. They are basically the law makers who out of intensive negotiation,discussion and debates form laws that help its people derive benefits on a long term basis.

For example in the recent years many  professional youngsters have been interested incarving a career of their own in business field as so called ENTREPRENEURS. In the earlytimes business in India was a difficult affair but in the last 5 years because of ModiGovernment and enactment of  a policy – Start Up India, with easy and flexible.availment offinancial capital and other basic requirements in establishment  of business has turned out tobe an  easy affair conclusively  resulting in ushering of many new comprises in the form ofstart up through innovations by youngsters.

Functions of parliament.

A Parliament is a place of debate, discussion and orientations in depth over the problems,issues and emergencies surrounding the nation. Through intensive discussions solution tothe problems and issues are resolved best in the interest of the nation and its citizen by the7representatives with in the Parliament..

Parliament is a place where laws are passed by the law makers. India is a law abiding stateunder democracy and this has been possible only through the representatives elected by thecitizens of its constituency. While representative there in the parliament, they take their beststrides in formation of policies programs and laws that garner maximum benefit to its peoplein all spheres be it social or economic progression of the nation. 

There’s a procedure of Law making. The steps to law formulation is as follows-The social oreconomic  issue / problem circum-mounting the nation  is addressed which in order tocombat needs  a strict vigilant law. 

The issue over which a law is to be formulated is represented before the house in the form of Bill. 

A parliament is a place where the government elected functions and addresses all issues ofthe country. The lok sabha consists of Prime Minister (leader of the assembly), council ofministers and other elected representatives including those from Opposition parties.Government formation is conducted through a process called elections. Once the verdict out,the party winning the maximum seats is called upon by the President to prove his majority inthe Parliament.  Once majority proved(above 50%) it is Parliament where they are to be seated

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further on in dissemination of their responsibilities In meeting the expectation of the people.The rajya sabha though called the upper house is not as powerful as Lok sabha. It’s a body of250 people elected indirectly and not by people. The members are elected by therepresentatives already elected in the Lok Sabha os state assemblies through direct electionsand hence general citizens have no role in their franchise. Every state or Union territory hasseats allocated affixed based on 2 factors- population size and area in sq metres. Larger thepopulation size of the state more the members elected to Rajya sabha. This is why statessuch as Uttar Pradesh, Bengal and Bihar have more members elected to Rajya sabha thansmall states such as Delhi or Goa.

Questioning session isa major part of all the affairsconducted in the Parliament.Such an hour whenParliamentarians are involvedin questioning one another issaid to be Zero Hour. Questions interrogatedin the parliament are of twokinds- Starred and Un-starredquestions  Questions which are tobe answered vocally with inthe Parliament are said to beStarred Questions. Such

questions are given on behalf of any other Parliamentarian to be answered on the same dayon any issue-starred Questions are the ones required to be answered in written form so as thesame read out in the Parliament. Zero hour is the time period when questions of inquisitiveand interrogative  nature are replied back by the members concerned when asked in theparliament.

Questioning sessions helps members of Parliament enquire any lapses on the part of theprograms or policies as driven by the ruling party. It as well helps enquire as to wha

t strategies shall government adopt to the underlying problem. Parliament is a seat for various other functionaries such as no confidence motion,

adjournment motion , joint session or calling attention notice. When the Parliament looses its faith over the ruling party due to certain reasons a no

confidence motion can be passed in the Parliament requesting the President that they beshunned from their responsibilities further on.

When some emergency is evoked all of a sudden the President may call upon the members ofboth the houses for a Joint session.

When day proceedings in the house is brought to a halt due to certain reasons by the Speakeris said to be Adjournment motion.

Judges or President  are as well impeached in the Parliament on account of their  deliveranceor functioning in violation of the law. The power of removal of any judge or chief justice restsin the hands of the Parliament by the process called impeachment.Thus we see a parliament is a seat for deliverance of various functions.Who are the people in the parliament?

The people in the parliament are elected representatives from various backgrounds, caste,class or community. 

When india got freedom from Britishers , the parliament mostly represented members fromhigher and upper class.   But in today’s scenario there’s representation of all castes,community and class. Be one Dalit, or of a backward caste everyone has the right to contestelections and get elected on their self credibility. 

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When Lok Sabha elections are conducted after every 5 year ,the total seats contested are 543in number. Out of 543 in total, 79 and 41 seats are reserved for scheduled caste andscheduled tribes respectively. This means from the same constituencies only those who iseither a SC or ST can contest elections. Such  seats are also called as reserved constituencies.

Women are as well a part of Parliament though low in number. In today’s era there has been alot debate  within the Parliament for the total women representation  be reserved by 33%. Buy yet notbeen passed in the parliament and hence pending since long.

DAY- 5

The world around witnesses 2 forms of government – Parliamentary and Presidential.India is predominantly parliamentary form of government.

Difference between parliamentary and presidency form of government.Parliamentary PresidentialThe government is headed byPrime Minister and the councilof ministers responsible to theParliament

The president elected is thehead of the government. Thereis no concept of parliamentsetting rather the President

2 FORMS OFGOVERNMENT

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House from where all the majorfunctions are promulgated.

Prevalent in countries such asIndia and UK where there aretwo houses to representParliament.

Prevalent in countries such asUSA where the President andhis council of ministers solveissues pertaining to th nationright from the While House.

The concept of comingtogether federation is rendered.

Holding together federation ispossible

Elections embark after every 5years.

Elections embark after every 4years.

At the state level chief ministeris the head.

At the state level Mayor is thehead.

There is uniformity in lawacross the country.

States an have different lawsand hence non uniformity

Election result account for thewhole country under the socalled constituencies havingwon

Election result account forstate wise winning. Its not inaccount of total votes rathertotal states won over.

CONCLUSIVELY A PARLIAMENT ……Is a place of debates and discussionsIs a law making bodyIs a place where Executives meet.Is a place of conflict resolution between the ruling and opposition party.HEY DAYS ARE HERE……WHILE PARLIAMENT LIMITS THE POWERS OF EXECUTIVES IT AS WELLDECIPHERS TRUST INTO THE FUNCTIONING OF THE NATION….3 KUDOS FOR PARLIAMENT BODY.

Questions

1. What are fundamental Rights?2. What are Directives Principles. Of State Policy?3. Mention all the Fundamental Rights.