Ch.7 Plant Genetic resources

1. Plant genetic resources

2. Need for conservation of plant genetic

resources

3. Methods of collection and conservation

4. Genebanks

5. International treaties on plant germplasm

1) Definition : Germplasm of plants, animals or other

organisms, containing useful characters of actual or

potential value. In a domesticated species, it is the sum

of all the genetic combinations produced in the process

of evolution.

* Germplasm (遺傳質):a. The genetic material which forms the physical basis of

heredity and which is transmitted from one generation to the

next by means of germ cells.

b. An individual or clone representing a type , species or

culture, that may be held in a repository for agronomic,

historic or other reasons.

* Genepool: All the genetic information encoded in the total

gene composition of a population of sexually reproducing

organisms, at a given time. It generally refers to a group of

phylogenetically related species that constitute a genus.

1. 유전자원 (遺傳資源; genetic resources) 이란?

2) Various sources of germplasm

a. modern elite cultivars

b. the principal commercial varieties

c. special-purpose types

d. obsolete varieties or types

e. breeding stocks (elite germplasm)

f. mutants, genetic testers, polyploids and aneuploids

g. land racers (unimproved or primitive types)

h. useful cytoplasmic sources of variability

i. weedy races

j. wild species

k. man-created intergeneric or interspecific hybrids

l. related genera

(Chang TT, 1979. Crop genetic resources. Plant Breed. Perspectives:83-103)

2. Need for conservation of plant genetic resources

(1) Conservation of diversity : a fundamental need

a. Conservation of plant species maintain natural ecology

* Biodiversity International (IPGRI):

Plant species 250,000~300,000

10,000~50,000 edible,

human food source 5,000

* >60% rice, wheat, maize

* World Food Summit (1996)

Taxon Described speciesEstimated number

of species

Algae

Lichens

Bryophytes : mosses

liverworts

Ferns and fern allies

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

40,000

13,500

8,000

6,000

12,000

650

250,000

200～350,000

20,000

9,000

7,000

12,500

650

300,000

Total 320,150 549,150

Estimated numbers of plant species in the world

(Plant Genetic conservation, P.4)

b. Conservation of variation within species

Genetic reservoir for plant breeding against

biotic and abiotic stresses

* genetic vulnerability

USA, maize(1970) T-cms based F1 hybrids

>90% damaged southern corn leaf blight (T-race)

(Helminthosporium maydis)

Korea, rice blast(1978) --- Tongil variety – covered ~80% of total rice area

1972 1978

20

100

60Japonica

rice area (%)

Race virulent to Indica

Tongil

rice area(%)

Race virulent to japonica

(2) Prevention of genetic erosion

* genetic erosion: the loss of genetic

material (genes, genotypes) from

individuals or populations

• Causes of genetic erosion

a. Replacement local varieties

by commercial varieties

b. Destruction of natural habitats:

- by human :

deforestation, overexploitation,

urbanization, constructions, . . .

- by nature :

desertification, natural disasters,

outbreak of diseases and insect pests,

climate change, . . .

c. Natural hybridization, selection, genetic

drift genetic change of populatons

Plant breeding release of recommended (commercial) varieties

accerlerated extinction of land races, local varieties, ..

Modern varietiesWild species Land races

Gradual elimination of genetic variations by artificial selection(Tanksley and McCouch, 1997)

* Why agricultural biodiversity matters

(Biodiversity International)

- pests & diseases

- managing climate risks

- nutrition & health

- sustainability --- nature conservation

- traditional knowledgeIn the Indian state of Maharashtra alone, around 1,600 flowering plants are used in traditional

medicine, many of which are threatened with extinction. Much of this diversity is preserved

in ‘sacred groves’ and women are often the ones who retain knowledge of their uses (UNDP

Equator Initiative 2012).

Millet types Protein Fat Calcium Iron

Common millet 12.5 g 3.5g 8 mg 2.9 mg

Finger millet 7.7 g 1.5 g 350 mg 3.9 mg

Kodo millet 9.8 g 3.6 g 35 mg 107 mg

Wheat (average) 11.6 g 2.0 g 30 mg 3.5 mg

(3) Human dependence – plant breeding○ Different uses for several purposes, food, feed, medicine, . . .

- Market demand on various qualities

- Farmers’ request for better performance

○ Plant breeding materials : genetic variations for target traits

- against disease and insect pests

- against abiotic stresses

- coping with climate change

- for low input sustainable agriculture

- genetic materials for biotechnologies

• less exploitation of wild relatives of crops

feasiblity to develop more desirable genotypes

by incorporation of new alleles and/or new epistatic interactions

* wild QTL projects --- tomato, rice, ...

(Plant Genetic

conservation, P.5)

3. Methods of collection and conservation

(1) Collection of germplasm

① Collection area- Centres of origin of cultivared plants

- Regions of genetic diversity and wild habitats

② Collection methods- Field collection --- Data collection and analysis

Identification (=Accession number; Acc.);

Herbarium, gene bank or botanical garden where specimen is deposited ;

Collector's name and number ;

Collection date (to derive flower and fruiting time) ;

Phenological data (does specimen have flower or fruit?) ;

Particular area of provenance, latitude and longitude or more detail if possible ;

Altitude ; Habitat type ; Soil type ; Vegetation type ; Site slope and aspect ;

Land use and/or agricultural practice ; Phenotypic variation ;

Biotic interactions ; Competitive ability ; Palatability ; Ability to stand grazing ;

Vernacular names ; Plant uses

- Exchange among institutes

③ Type of

collection

(2) Conservation types

① In situ conservation

: nature conservation --- wild species가풍부한특정지역

(multispecies communities) 현장보호.

ex) Israel의 wild wheats, barley, oats --- preservation of natural population

- maintenance of maximized genetic variability

- Limitations: Evolutionary pressure (mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural

sel. etc)

② Ex situ conservation

A. Eolutionary conservation use of botanic and gardens arboreta (수목원)

- exposed to new natural evolution(=natural sel. in the environment of adoption)

- selective conservation(<-- the application of sel. pressure against undesirable

characteristics)

* 천리포의수목원 (민병갈씨)

B. Static conservation ---> use of genebank (storage)

: best way to prevent the loss of genetic variation

a. Storage of orthodox seeds

b. Recalcitrant seeds and vegetatively propagated plants

c. Sample size for collection and storage of seeds

a. Storage of seeds

i) Longevity of seeds

- hard, impermeable seed coated legumes --> long-lived in natureCassia(석결명屬) 158년, Trifolium(클로버류) 100년, Lotus,Lupines 약 500년

- Big difference among species and within species

cf) orthodox seed: most crop species

Lotus flower from 2000 years

old seed in Tokyo

** Recalcitrant seed : seeds that cannot be dried, and therefore cannot be

kept at sub-zero temperatures without some damage from freezing.

rapid loss of viability both under drought or fully imbibed conditions

mostly tropical fruits

ii) Genetic changes during storage (;genetic instability)

- difference in viability among genotype (cross-pollinated sp.)

- chromosomal genetic

damage caused by mutation

by aging (stress) during

long period of storage

Crop Genet. Resources p.279 Fig.22-4

Higher viability less genetic alteration

농촌진흥청 농업과학원 유전자원센터

http://genebank.rda.go.kr/

iii) long-term storage with low-temp. and low moisture

- moisture가 less than 15% no harmful effects at -20℃- orthodox seed는 survived down to -271℃ without damage

: orthodox seeds seed moisture 3~6%, low temp., low relative humidity

Genebank of IARCs

ILCAILCA

b. Recalcitrant seeds and vegetatively propagated plants

○ Recalcitrant seeds:

○ vegetatively propagated plants

: potato, cassava, yams, sweet potato, sugarcane, temperate fruit trees, …

- tubers, rhyzomes, corms, cuttings : short-lived, virus-infection, bulky,

- if seeds heterozygous

• cool temp., fungicide treatment, aerobic condition to keep the viability

tissue culture or embryo extraction in vitro preservation

a. reduced growth storage

: low temp., media composition, culture environments(low-O2, …)

b. cryopreservation(냉동저장)

: liquid-N (-196ㅇC)에 저장

c. Effective population size for collection and storage of seeds

Optimum sample size --- important particularly in cross-poll crops

to recover the amount of genetic variation existed in base population

* genetic drift

Frequency distribution of predicted

heterozygosity loss for 80 mammal species

M. Groom, G. K. Meffe, and C. R. Carroll (2005)

Principles of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates,

Sunderland, MA, 3rd edition.

Lawrence et al. (1995) Euphytica 84: 89-99

172 plants: sufficient sample size in both cross- and self-poll

species all alleles can be contained >0.05

Yonezawa & Ichihashi (1989) Euphytica 41:91-97

Sapra et al (2003) J. Biosci. 28: 155-161

Number of seeds to be sampled in order to give a probability as high as 0.95 of collecting all alleles included in a target population (Yonezawa & Ichihashi ,1989)

s: selfing rate

m: the number of plants to be sampled from one population (collection site)

n: the number of seeds to be taken from a single plant, N: total number of seeds sampled

Plant sample size under varying degrees of selfing for capturing 20 alleles (one abundant and

19 rare alleles occurring at a frequency of 1% each) at each of the 50000 loci with a probability

of conservation of 0.9999 when 10, 50, 100 and 500 seeds are sampled from each plant.

(Sapra et al, 2003)

(3) Utilization

(Plant

quarantine)

In situ

Distribution / Use

Germplasm center

Evaluation

site management

Seed

storage

In vitro

storage

Pollen

storage

DNA

storage

Botanic

garden

Packing

storage

Distribution / Use

Registration and storage

Ex situ

Field collectionGenebanks

Purpose of collection and storage

Evaluation / multiplication

Germplasm

DB

Collection/Introduction Evaluation

Preservation Database /

Distribution

4. Genebanks(1) Regional genebanks (2009)

Total 6,565,620

(FAO, 2010, PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE)

Comparison between the collections maintained by selected national genebanks in 1995 and 2008a (FAO)

√

√√

√

√

Contribution of major crop groups in total ex situ collections

Source: 31 genebanks of the NPGS of USDA (source: GRIN, 2008); 234 genebanks from Europe (source: EURISCO, 2008); 12 genebanks from SADC (source: SDIS, 2007); NGBK (Kenya) (source: dir. info., 2008); INIAP/DENAREF (Ecuador) (source: dir. info., 2008); NBPGR (India) (source: dir. info., 2008); IRRI, ICARDA, ICRISAT and AVRDC (source: dir. info., 2008); CIP, CIMMYT, ICRAF, IITA, IlRI, WARDA (source: SINGER, 2008).

(FAO, 2010, PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE)

Number of plant germplasms preserved in RDA Genebank, Korea (2016.1)

Crop Number of species Number of germplasms

Food crops 264 157,339

Horticultural crops 516 27,570

Industrial crops 334 22,249

Forage crops/

others439 3,603

Total 1553 210,761

미국 Colorado주 Fort Collins에 있는National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation

USA genebanks

http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/

Number of Families: 217

Number of Genera: 2393

Number of Species: 15091

Number of Accessions

: 574764

Site count

National Small Grains Collection 142426

Western Regional PI Station 97354

Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit, Griffin, GA 92989

North Central Regional PI Station 53530

Rice Genetic Stock Center 35779

Soybean Collection 22096

National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation 1 18102

Northeast Regional PI Station 12607

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Corvallis 12537

Cotton Collection 9484

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Davis 8690

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Geneva 8186

Maize Genetic Stock Center 8127

Forest Service National Seed Lab 7600

Plant Variety Protection Voucher Collection 7203

Potato Germplasm Introduction Station 5854

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Miami 4984

National Arboretum 4409

Ornamental Plant Germplasm Center 4218

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Brownwood 4066

C.M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center 3685

Desert Legume Program 2611

US Nicotiana Germplasm Collection 2233

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Riverside 1779

Plant Germplasm Quarantine Program 1713

National Arid Land Plant Genetic Resources Unit 1493

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Mayaguez 1153

Natl. Germplasm Repository - Hilo 769

Pea Genetic Stock Collection 712

Total 576389

Plant genetic resources in USA

Regional Stations Clonal Repositories Crop Collections Genetic Stocks

NC-7, Iowa Brownwood, Texas Arctic Plants, Alaska Barley, Idaho

NE-9, New York Corvallis, OregonArid Land Plants,California Maize, Illinois

S-9, Georgia Davis, California Clover, Kentucky Peas, Washington

W-6, Washington Geneva, New York Cotton, Texas Tomato, California

Special Hilo, HawaiiDesert Legumes,Arizona

National SeedStorage, Colorado

Mayaguez, PuertoRico

National Arboretum,DC

Plant Quarantine,Maryland

Miami, Florida Potato, Wisconsin

Riverside,California

Soybean, Illinois

Small Grains, Idaho

Tobacco, NorthCarolina

Plant Germplasm Repositories in USA

주요지역권 유전자은행 보유 유전자원 현황 (2003)

유전자은행명 소 재 지 설립 연도 보유 자원수 주 대상작물

열대농업연구훈련센타(CATIE)

Costa Rica

1976 35,056 오이, 고추, 커피, 코코아

아시아채소연구개발센타 (AVRDC)

Taiwan 1971 37,618 토마토, 고추, 콩, mungbean

노르딕유전자은행(NGB)

Sweden 1979 27,303 화곡류, 과수, 사료작물, 서류, 채소, 근채류, 유지작물

남아프리카개발협회 식물유전자원센타(SPGRC)

Zambia 1988 5,054 Base Collection

아랍산성, 건조지역연구센타 (ACSAD)

syria 1971 - 과 수

계 - - 105,031 -

센터명 (영명) 소재지 설립연도 보유자원수 주대상작물

국제열대농업센터 Colombia,

Cali

1967 70,940 벼, 카사바, 목초, 콩, Beans

(CIAT)

국제감자연구소 Peru, Lima 1970 13,911 감자, 고구마, Andean roots

(CIP)

국제밀․옥수수연구소 Mexico,

Mexico1966 136,637 밀, 옥수수, 보리, 귀리, Triticale

(CIMMYT)

국제건조농업연구소 Syria,

Aleppo1975 109,029 보리, 렌틸, 밀, 칙피, 사료작물

(ICARDA)

국제반건조농업연구소 India,

Andhra P.1972 110,478 수수, 진주조, chick pea,

Groundnut(ICRISAT)

국제열대농업연구소 Nigeria,

Ibadan1967 39,756 카사바, 옥수수, 마, 콩 Cowpea,

벼(IITA)

국제축산연구소 Kenya,

Nairobi1974 13,470 목초 (화본과 및 두과)

(ILRA)

국제바나나연구소 France,

Montfellie1984 1,051 바나나, 플란테인

(INIBAP)

국제미작연구소 Philippine,

Laguna1960 80,646 벼, 야생종벼

(IRRI)

서아프리카쌀개발협회 Cote'd Voire 1970 17,440 벼, 야생종벼(WARDA)

계 - - 593,367 -

(2) IARC’s genebanks (2003)

*SGSV:Svalbard Global Seed Vault노르웨이정부, 2008설립현재 70만점 중복보관.

(FAO, 2009)

Mission

Bioversity undertakes, encourages and supports research and other activities on the use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity, especially genetic resources, to create more productive, resilient and sustainable harvests.

Major objectives:

to promote the greater well-being of people, particularly poor people in developing countries, by helping them to achieve food security, to improve their health and nutrition, to boost their incomes, and to conserve the natural resources on which they depend.

* Bioversity works with a global range of partners to maximize impact, to develop capacity and to ensure that all stakeholders have an effective voice.

Biodiversity International 국제생물다양성연구소(http://www.bioversityinternational.org)

Founded in 1992, Rome (Italy)

• Directory of Internet Links

• Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species Portal (NUS)

• IPGRI Publications Catalogue search

• American Fruit Database

• Documentation of plant genetic resources in the Americas

• ECP/GR Germplasm databases

• EUFORGEN Bibliographic Database on Gray Literature

• European PGR Funding opportunities

• Germplasm Databases

• Germplasm Databases in Europe

• INIBAP Databases

• Promoting plant genetic resources utilization in the Americas

• SINGER - System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources

(http://www.singer.cgiar.org/)

• Taxonomic Nomenclature Checker

On-line DB for plant germplasm

5. International treaties on plant germplasm○ 유전자원 및 품종 보호관련 규정

- 국제식물신품종보호동맹 (The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants) : 품종보호 , 우리나라 2002년 1월 7일자 가입

- 무역관련 지적소유권 (WTO/TRIPS: Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights ): 무역장벽을 없앰, 지적재산권의 효과적인 보호, 지적재산권의 합법적 무역에 장벽방지

○ 유전자원 및 이익 공유 협약- 생물다양성협약 (Convention on the Biological Diversity: CBD): 생물다양성의 보

존, 자원의 지속적 활용, 이익의 공유 --- 1993.12 발효(우리나라 1995.1)* 나고야의정서(Nagoya Protocol): 유전자원에 대한 접금 및 이의 이용으로 발생

하는 이익의 공정하고 공평한 공유 (2010.10) 생물다양성 2011년-2020년 전략계획을 채택 : 유전자원 및 전통지식에 대한 책임기관 통한 접근, 금전적 비금전적 이익공유 협약 체결, 사전통보 승인및 절차이행 모니터링

* 강원선언문 (제12차 생물다양성협약 당사국총회 고위급회의, 2014.10.15-16): 16개항 2011년-2020년 전략계획 구체화

- FAO의 식량 및 농업유전자원에 관한 국제규약 (International Treaty on the Plant Germplasm Resources for Food and Agriculture: ITPGRFA): 식물유전자원의 보존및 지속적 이용, CBD와의 조화상태에서 이익공유

○ 기타 유전자원 권리 주장 관련 내용들

* 농부권 (Farmer's Right):

* 자원주권(Soverign Right):

* 전통지식 (Indigenous Knowledge) :

구 분 설립년도

가입국가

수(2017현재)

목 적

UPOV 1961 75 • 식물품종보호 (품종의 상업적 권리)

WTO/TRIPS 1994 164• 무역장벽을 없앰• 지적재산권의 효과적인 보호• 지적재산권의 합법적 무역에 장벽방지

CBD 1992 196

• 생물다양성의 보존• 자원의 지속적 활용• 이익의 공유(나고야의정서, 2010)•가입국: 196개국 및 유럽연합

ITPGRFA 2001 127• 식물유전자원의 보존 및 지속적 이용• CBD와의 조화상태에서 이익공유

TRIPS : Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (무역관련 지적재산권협정)CBD : Convention on the Biological Diversity (생물다양성협약)ITPGRFA: International Treaty on the Plant Germplasm Resources for Food and Agriculture

(FAO의 식량 및 농업유전자원에 관한 국제규약)

참고자료(1) CBD (Convention on the Biological

Diversity) (생물다양성협약) https://www.cbd.int/

○가입국: 196개국 및 유럽연합

○ 채택 및 발효 1992.5.22. 채택, 1993.12.29. 발효 (우리나라 1994.10.3. 비준, 1995.1.1. 발효)

○ 목적: 1) 생물다양성의 보전(the conservation of biological diversity)2) 그 구성요소의 지속가능한 이용(the sustainable use of the components of

biological diversity)3) 유전자원의 이용으로부터 발생하는 이익의 공정하고 공평한 공유 (the fair

and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources)

• Conference of the Parties (COP) 당사국총회

: Convention’s governing body, 2년마다 정기적 회의• Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA)• Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI)• Working Group on Article 8( j)• Working Group on Protected Areas• The Working Group on the Review of Implementation of the Convention (WGRI)• Open-ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Committee (ICNP) for the Nagoya Protocol on ABS

○ 구성

ABS(Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization): 유전자원 접근 및 이익 공유

MAT (Mutually Agreed Terms): 상호합의조건PIC (Prior Informed Consent): 사전통고승인

(PIC)

(MAT)

환경부 국립생물자원관, ABSCH 유전자원정보관리센터http://www.abs.go.kr

나고야 의정서: 2010년 10월 29일 일본 나고야에서 열린 제10차 CBD당사국총회에서 채택되었으며, 2014년 10월 12일 발효됨.

나고야 의정서에 따른 ABS 체계 및 절차

○ 나고야 의정서에 따르는 ABS 절차 체계 설명

- 유전자원 이용자가 유전자원에 접근하고자 할때는 해당 유전자원의 제공국이정한 절차에 따라 사전통보승인(PIC)을 받아야 하며,

- 이익의 공유는 유전자원의 제공국과 이용자 간에 체결한 상호 합의조건(MAT)에따라 실시해야 한다.

- 유전자원의 “이용”은 유전자원의 유전적 또는 생화학적 구성성분에 대한연구개발을 수행하는 것을 말한다(나고야 의정서 제2조 다호). 유전자원에 대한단순한 증식·채종·재배 등은 나고야 의정서상에서 의미하는 이용에 해당되지않는다.

<예>우리나라 기업이 중국의 유전자원을 이용하여 신품종을 개발하는 경우

- 연구개발 및 신제품 개발 등의 목적으로 중국의 유전자원을 이용하는 경우에는중국의 국가연락기관를 통해 유전자원에 대한 접근 및 이용절차를 확인한 후, 국가책임기관을 통해 PIC와 MAT를 체결해야 한다.

- 이러한 절차를 통해 중국의 유전자원을 국내로 들여온 뒤 신제품 개발을 위해연구개발을 하더라도 개발에 성공하지 못하거나 상업화에 실패하여 이익을창출하지 못하는 경우, 이 역시 ABS를 할 필요가 없다.

- 신제품을 개발하고 이를 상업화하는 데 성공한 경우에는, 여기서 발생하는이익을 유전자원 제공국인 중국과 공유하여야 한다. 이것이 나고야 의정서를통해 실행하고자 하는 ABS의 핵심이다. 이때 우리나라 기업이 중국과 공유하게되는 이익의 배분방식은 사전에 체결한 MAT에 따라 결정되며, MAT의 합의내용에 따라 이익공유는 금전적 이익과 비금전적 이익을 포함할 수 있게 된다.

○ 제10차 당사국총회(日나고야)에서 채택(2010년 10월) → 우리나라서명(2011년 9월) → 50번째 국가 비준(2014년 7월) → 발효*(2014년10월 12일) → 유전자원법 제정(2017년 1월 17일) → 우리나라비준(2017년 5월 19일) → 유전자원법 시행(2017년 8월 17일)

우리나라 CBD 가입 및 관련 현황

구분 근거 소관부처 주요기능

연락기관 유전자원법제7조

환경부, 외교부 유전자원 이용자와 CBD에 정보 제공

책임기관 제8조 환경부, 미래부, 농식품부, 해수부, 보건복지부

국내 유전자원 접근 신고수리 등 (외국인대상)

점검기관 제13조 책임기관 + 산업부 국외 유전자원 이용의 의부 준수 여부 점검 (자국민 대상)

- ITPGRFA:

• FAO가 주관하는 조약• recognizing the enormous contribution of farmers to the diversity of crops that feed

the world;• establishing a global system to provide farmers, plant breeders and scientists with

access to plant genetic materials;• ensuring that recipients share benefits they derive from the use of these genetic

materials with the countries where they have been originated.

- ITPGRFA에서 유전자원의 접근은 식량과 농업을 위한 연구개발과 신품종 육성 및

교육훈련을 목적으로 하는 것에만 허용되고, 나고야 의정서처럼 사전통보승인(PIC) 및

상호합의조건(MAT) 등의 절차가 필요하지 않다.

- ITPGRFA의 다자체제는 동 조약의 부속서 1에 속한 64개 종의 식량농업식물유전자원에

대해 표준물질이전협약(Standard Material Transfer Agreement: SMTA) 방식으로 ABS가

이루어지도록 하고 있다. ITPGRFA를 통한 ABS 대상은 체약국의 공공부문이 관리하는

식량농업식물유전자원과 FAO 산하 국제농업연구센터(IARC)에서 현지외(ex situ) 수집으로

보존하고 있는 유전자원이다.

- 대상작물: 64작물 (식량 35작물, 사료 29작물)

- 농부권(farmer’s right) 포함

(2) ITPGRFA에 의한 ABS 절차 및 체계(International Treaty on the Plant Germplasm Resources for Food and Agriculture)FAO의 식량 및 농업유전자원에 관한 국제규약

• Plant quarantine restrictions

• Intellectual property rights

• Bio-safety (GMO) concerns

• Bio-piracy claims

Growing Restrictions in

Seed Exchange

Dr. Norman E. Borlaug, 2003